THE STUDY OF SPEECH ACTS IN THE “AVATAR THE LAST AIR-BENDER” MOVIE
A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in the English and Education Department
By: MINARSIH NIM. 113 09 003
ENGLISH AND EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA 2014
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MOTTO
Good communication comes from people to people, but great communication comes from people to Allah (Reza M Syarief, Motivator Muslim) We will be a champion when we are able to beat our self (The Writer)
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DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this research to My God and My Prophet, also my parents, my sister and my brother. I dedicated it also to my best counselor, Mr. Hanung. It is one of proud for me can finish my graduating paper. Thank you so much who I so respect :)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘alamin, all praise due to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful who always keeps me when I was in down and up. Bless and mercy is upon great Prophet Muhammad SAW for his guidance that leads me to the truth. However, this paper will not be finished without supports, advices, help and encouragement from some people and institution and let she says thanks to: 1. Mr. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd. as the Rector of STAIN Salatiga, thanks for the time I spend studying in STAIN Salatiga. 2. Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari,S.S.M.Pd. as the Chief of Educational Faculty, thanks for the Islamic education that you gave me. 3. Mr.
Dr. H. Sa’adi, M.Ag as academic guide thanks so much for your
guidance. 4. Mr. Hanung Triyoko, S.S,M.Hum.,M.Ed. My energetic teacher and also my thesis counselor. I learn a lot from you. 5. All of my lectures in STAIN Salatiga that increase my knowledge all about English and how to be good English teacher. 6. All of my teachers in SDN Bundar III, SDN Malungai, MIN Muara Teweh, MTsN Muara Teweh, MAN Muara Teweh, MAN 1 Salatiga. 7. My dearest siblings “Mbak ku Chanji and Mamas Lisku” 8. All of official staffs STAIN Salatiga. 9. My beloved parent, “Ma’e” and “Pa’e”, thanks for your love that makes me like you see now. I love you every time. 10. My beloved sister and brother, “Ounnyku” and “Mamas ku Lis” 11. My big family, thanks for your support. 12. All of TBI A students, I love you buddy. 13. To Miss Sari Rahmawati, thanks so much. 14. My best friend thanks for everything, I can’t forget you all. vii
15. My best inspiration “Ounnyku” who always supports me in full moment, cares me, and teaches me to get the sweet future. 16. My big family, “Lek Mus, Lek Met, Mbak Win, Mas Rohman, Om Bambang, Om Nonok, Tante Ayu, Tante Illah, Tante Sukari, Bude Tumini, Pakde Saru, Mas Solik, Mas Wah, Mas Muji, Mas Heri Mas Gun, Mas Naryo, Lukman, Sofa, Ndug Tri, Aziz, Iis, Tsalis, Aswan, and Tahta. 17. My best family of Stain Sport Club. 18. My best friend and my special one, thanks for all. Finally, the writer realizes that this graduating paper is far of being perfect and needs several enhancements. The writer gladly accepts the constructive critiques and evaluations in other for this paper becomes the useful information to the readers afterwards. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.
Salatiga, September 30th 2013 The Writer,
Minarsih NIM: 113 09 003
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ABSTRACT Minarsih, 2014, “THE STUDY OF SPEECH ACTS IN AVATAR THE LAST AIR-BENDER MOVIE” A Graduating Paper, STAIN Salatiga, Hanung Triyoko, S.S.M.Hum.M.Ed.
Key Words: Speech Act.
The objectives of the research are the speech act in the Avatar the Last Air Bender in episodes “The Awakening” and “The Headband” on the movie script. The problems of this research are types of the general function of speech act and Austin’s categories of illocutionary act. There are caused by different factors of culture as the setting of the film, such as, Fire Nation, Air Nomads, Water Tribes, and Earth Kingdom. Their utterances influenced by the environment where they come from. They have different style of language and also different attitude that influence them to give any response in the conversation. The data were taken by movie script. The researcher gets the main data from the “Avatar the Last Air Bender” movie script. The collected data are analyzed by documentation method. From the researches are got some finding types of speech acts like directness, literalness, and interaction between directness and literalness in the Avatar the Last Air Bender’s movie. Besides, the findings are Austin’s categories of illocutionary acts such as, verdictives, expositives, behabitives, commissives, and exercitives. The researcher also adds more about contributes the finding of this study in English Language Teaching. In the last problem statement in this research, the researcher find that to explain Linguistics such as Pragmatics in Speech Acts types, more examples of conversations so effective in learning language process.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ............................................................................................................
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DECLARATION ..........................................................................................
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ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES ..........................................................
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PAGE OF CERTIFICATION .......................................................................
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MOTTO .......................................................................................................
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DEDICATION ..............................................................................................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
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ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
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APPENDIX
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CHAPTER I
INRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ...............................................
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B. Statement of the Problem ...............................................
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C. Objectives of the Study ..................................................
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D. Limitation of the Study ..................................................
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E. Clarification of Key Terms ...........................................
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F. Review of Previous Researches .....................................
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G. Thesis Paper Organization .............................................
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CHAPTER II THEORICAL REVIEW OF SPEECH ACTS A. Pragmatics .....................................................................
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B. Movie and Script ............................................................
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C. Culture, Meaning, and Context ......................................
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D. Speech Acts ....................................................................
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1.Speech Acts Philosophers ...........................................
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2.Classification of Speech Acts .....................................
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3. A Brief History of Speech Acts .................................
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4. Definition of Speech Acts ..........................................
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5. Types of Speech Acts.................................................
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6. Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts..................
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E. Contributes of Finding Speech Acts ............................... CHAPTER III RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
AND
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DATA
PRESENTATION A. Research Approach .....................................................................
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B. Data Sources................................................................................
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C. Object of the Research ...............................................................
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D. Methods of the Research .............................................................
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E. Procedures of the Research .........................................................
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F. Data Presentation ........................................................................
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Research Finding ...........................................................
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1. Types of Speech Acts ........................................................
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a. Directness ..................................................................
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1) Direct Speech Acts ..............................................
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2) Indirect Speech Acts ...........................................
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b. Literalness ..................................................................
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1) Literal Speech Acts .............................................
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2) Non-Literal Speech Acts .....................................
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c. Literalness and Indirectness .......................................
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1) Literal and Direct Speech Acts............................
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2) Non Literal and Direct Speech Acts ....................
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3) Literal and Indirect Speech Acts .........................
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4) Non Literal and Indirect Speech Acts .................
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2. Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts .........................
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a. Verdictives .................................................................
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b. Exercitives .................................................................
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c. Commissives ..............................................................
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d. Behabitives ................................................................
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e. Expositives.................................................................
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CHAPTER V CLOSURE A. Conclusion ....................................................................
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B. Suggestion ......................................................................
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BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter submits the preliminary elements of the research. It describes the important of use speech acts and how to understand the sense of language in a communication. This research focus on the speech acts in the script Avatar the Last Air-bender movie. A. Background of the Study Language is obtained from real life. The societies share the ideas, chats, opinions, suggestions, informs, and many expressions in the conversation by a language. Language is applying human life to make nice relations with others. Besides, human have smooth feeling that influence in what they say and what they receive a word. Language shows about a situation that is thought by the speaker. But sometimes, it is misleading to treat sentence meaning in isolation from its surrounding context. Pragmatics is referred to as the study of ‘meaning in use’ or ‘meaning in interaction’, whereas semantics is concerned with the more abstract study of general, conventional meaning within language structure (Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell, 2010:10). According to Leech, pragmatics is a part of linguistics is as the study of meaning in relation to speech situation (1991:6). In a formal situation is not a conversation between a participant and other participant. It is different with an informal situation that the speakers free to share anything to hearer. 1
In pragmatics, the speakers apply languages with the properly means. Many times, the society send different message in an utterance. This is intended to give sociable impression. Language is a tool for communication. To make communicative people should understand the speech event. The speaker sends a message with the simple utterance also politeness. For example, a household woman says that the rice is used up to her husband. It is just not to inform if the rice used up but she needs some money to buy rice or the wife wants her husband to buy the rice. By Parker’definition about pragmatics, more emphasize indeed how language is used than how the structural language is applied. Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate. The study of those aspects of the relationship between language and context those are relevant to the writing of grammars. It concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone (Levinson, 1985:9). In linguistics and non-linguistics Parker’s book, mention the Searle’s statement that extended Austin’s ideas by assuming that all utterances, not just those containing per-formative verbs, constitute acts. Also adds about this theory that every utterance of speech constitutes some sort of act, we have inherited the term speech acts. Additionally, Austin notion that, in uttering sentences, one is also doing things, is to be clear, we must first clarify in what ways in uttering a sentence one might be said to be performing actions. Austin also isolated three basic
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senses in which in saying something one is doing something and hence three kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed (Levinson, 1980: 236). In Levinson’s book titled Pragmatics, Austin also added the three kinds of acts, they are: 1.
Locutionary act: the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense
and reference. 2.
Illocutionary act: the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc.
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Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of effects on the audience by
means of
uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the
circumstances of
utterance.
In his book with titled How to do Things with Words, Austin distinguishes five very general classes of the illocutionary acts which research in the Avatar the Last Air-bender movie script. First, verdictive, are typified by the giving of a verdict, as the name implies, by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire e.g. an estimate, reckoning, or appraisal. The second, exercitives, are the exercising of powers, rights, or influence, e.g. appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, warning, etc. The third, commissives, are typified by promising or otherwise undertaking, for example is siding with. They have obvious connection with verdictives and exercitives. The fourth, behabitives, are a very miscellaneous group, and have to do with attitudes and social behavior, e.g. apologizing, congratulating, commending, condoling, cursing, and challenging. The fifth, expositives, are difficult to define. They make plain how our utterances fit into the course of an argument or conversation,
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how we are using words, or, in general, are expository, e.g. ‘I reply’, ‘I argue’, ‘I concede’, ‘I illustrate’, ‘I assume’, ‘I postulate’. B. Statement of the Problem The problems that are going to find in this research in “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie, they are: 1. What kinds of speech acts found in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” the movie seen from the types of general function in script movie in episodes “The Awakening” and “The Headband”? 2. What are Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” the movie? 3. What is the implication of the finding for English Language Teaching? C. Objectives of the Study Dealing with the statements described above, the objectives of the research are to comprehend: 1. To kinds of speech acts found in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” the movie seen from the types of general function in script movie in episode “The Awakening” and “The Headband” the movie. 2. To find Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary in the “Avatar the Last Airbender” the movie. 3. To find the contributed of the study for English Language Teaching.
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D. Limitation of the study The study is limited to the speech acts that used in the manuscript “Avatar the Last Air bender” movie, the writer focuses on analyzing types of speech act on Avatar the Last Air-bender script movie in episode “The Awakening and The Headband”. Addition, Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” the movie. E. Clarification of Key Terms a. Study Study is process of learning, peace the research that examines a subject in detail (Oxford University Press Dictionary, 2008:441). b. Speech Acts Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin is defined speech acts is “Saying is part of doing” or “Words are connected to actions.” Austin formulated his ideas on speech act theory in the 1930’s and lectured on both oxford and Harvard university in the first half of the 1950’s. There are three kinds of speech acts according to J.L. Austin; locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. Addition, in uttering a sentence, a speaker produces a locutionary acts or the saying; his act in producing the utterance called illocutionary acts, in illocutionary acts Austin divides fivecategories such as verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives, and the effect of his saying towards the hearer called the perlocutionary acts. These are the simple comprehending of the difference of speech acts (Austin, 1962:110-111). 5
c. Movie Movie is a sequence of photographs projected onto a screen with sufficient rapidity as to create the illusion of motion and continuity (The American Heritage Dictionary, 2000:1150). F. Review of Previous Researches Some research of speech acts have been conducted by the researchers in various types. The variation is seen from the analysis of the types, the functions, the directness, and literal and non literal aspects. Besides, we have the differences of focus on the object research. The subjects of the research also varied, such as manuscript analysis, daily conversation, interact between both of people, influences culture in languages, etc. The writer composes this graduating paper by reference from other researcher. First, the reference is “The Study of Speech Acts the ‘Body of Lies’ the movie (Jati Handayani, 2012). She focus on types of speech acts found in the movie script ‘Body of Lies’ and clarify the Searle’s categories of illocutionary acts found in the manuscript. In the Body of Lies’ movie, she found so many conversations which consist of speech acts types such as, 21 data of speech act’s types that found. On the other hand, she also found as much as 47 data of Searle’s categories of illocutionary acts. The result from this research, she makes the data so clear with the more explanation in each conversation and make the other researchers or the readers understand the data with the simply methods.
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The present study entitled “The Study of Speech Acts in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie”. This research focused on the general function of types of speech acts and Austin’s categories of illocutionary acts. The special of this research is the objective research that is speech acts script movie. The conversation is used simple languages and emotional utterances. G. Thesis Paper Organization This thesis intends to make easier the reader to understand what the researcher writes. In this section, the writer will discuss several parts of graduating Paper’s organization that consist of five chapters, as follows: Chapter I is introduction which discusses background of the study, statement of the study, objectives of the study, limitation of the study, clarification of the key terms, review of previous research, and thesis paper organization. Chapter II tells about literally review. It consists of discuss film and movie, speech act, a brief history of speech act, types of speech act, and categories of illocutionary act. Chapter III presents about research methodology and data presentation on the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” script movie. Chapter IV is analysis and research finding which is concluded of literary elements of the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie, the kinds of speech acts uttered that found in the movie seen from the types of speech act in “Avatar the Last Air-bender” script movie, and Austin’s categories of illocutionary act in “Avatar the Last Air-bender” script movie, and the implication of the study in English Language Teaching. Chapter V fills a closure that contains conclusion and suggestion. The last parts are bibliography and appendix.
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CHAPTER II THEORICAL REVIEW OF SPEECH ACTS
This chapter discusses about the theory used in the research. It respectively covers the discussion about pragmatics, film and movie, meaning, culture, context, and speech act itself as well as an involvement of finding speech acts in education. A. Pragmatics Chomsky said that meaning has been admitted to a central place in language, it is notoriously difficult to exclude the way meaning varies from context to context, and so semantic most clear to understand in pragmatics (Chomsky in Geoffrey Leech’s book, 1983:2). Chomsky adds the generative semanticists tried to apply the paradigm of generative grammar to problem which most people would now regard as involving pragmatics. In Geoffrey’s book entitled “Principles of Pragmatics” shows that general pragmatics consists of two kinds, they are pragmalinguistic and socio-pragmatic. Pragmalinguistic focuses on language specific whereas socio-pragmatic focuses on culture specific. Language is used at the more general level as a necessary stage of abstraction between the study of language in total abstraction from situation, and the study of more socially. So, Geoffrey Leech (1983:6) defines pragmatics as the study of meaning in relation to speech situation. Leech distinguish general of pragmatics study with focus on the general conditions of the communicative use of language, and to exclude more specific ‘local’ condition on language use. In fact, there
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are variables which cause how the way to communicate is loosely, such as; in the aspect of the different cultures or language communities, and in the different social situations, as well as among different social classes. The aspects realize that pragmatic descriptions ultimately have to be relative to specific social conditions.
Usually, the speaker shows something use
languages in the communication. Therefore, the speaker prioritizes of understanding of the hearer at first. Based on pragmatics, the speaker can reduce any mistake or misunderstanding their conversation each others. Argyle and Dean (1965) in Leech’s book with title “Principles of Pragmatics” (1983:12) suggest that the distinction between pragmatics and register corresponds to one for non-verbal communication. This is between dynamic and standing features of communication. There are some features which tend to undergo continuing change and modification during discourse. Such as illocutionary force in Austin’s sense (1962:100), he is stated that the different types of function of language as the doctrine of ‘illocutionary force’. But, there are other features, such as formality of style, which tend to remain stable over fairly long stretches of time. Nevertheless, that is not always easy to separate these two types of condition. Politeness indicates that is often a function of both: standing features such as the social distance between participants interact with dynamic features. This is included into illocutionary demand the speaker is making on the hearer, such as; request, advice, command, etc, to produce a degree of politeness appropriate to the situation.
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According to Frank Parker (1986:11) said that pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate. Levinson (1983) defines pragmatics as aspects of meaning, language understanding in context, appropriateness felicity conditions, and language phenomena, such as deixis, implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure. Pragmatics is briefly the study of meaning. In fact, there is interaction between the speaker and the hearer. Goeffrey Leech (1983:13) divides pragmatics studies meaning which has relation to speech situation. The criterions of the aspects are addreessers or addressees, context, goal, speech acts, and verbal acts. The following is aspects of the speech situation. 1.
Addressers or addressees Leech refers to addressers and addressees, as a matter of convenience as speaker and hearer. A receiver is a person who receives and interprets the message and an addressee is a person who is an intended receiver of the message
2.
Context Context is assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer and which contributes hearer’s interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance.
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3. Goal The utterance is useful to talk of a goal or function of an utterance, in preference to talking about its intended meaning, or speaker’s intention in uttering it. 4. Speech acts Speech acts as an aspect of social interactive behavior. A speech act is created when the speaker makes an utterance to hearer in context. Speech acts must be interpreted as an aspect of social interaction. 5. Verbal acts The utterance is used to pragmatics: it can refer to the product of a verbal act, rather than to the verbal act itself. The definitions of pragmatics above shows that the advantages of studying language via pragmatics and makes nice utterance in communication. Pragmatics tells about speaker and hearer’s intended meanings, all of their opinion, also their goals of actions. B. Movie and Script Movie is a sequence of pictures objected on a screen from a developed and prepared film, especially with an accompanying sound tract, a theater where such pictures are shown regularly to the public the movies such entertainment in general, this entertainment as a branch of industry, a particular example of such entertainment (Webster’s Dictionary,2004:654).
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According to George Yule (1996:86) defines that a script is a preexisting knowledge structure involving event sequences. Basically, we use scripts to build interpretations of accounts of what happened. The scripts for what normally happens in all kinds of events, such as going to a doctor’s office, a movie theater, a restaurant, or a grocery store. The concept of a script is simply a way of recognizing some expected sequence of actions in an event. C. Culture, Meaning, and Context Culture, meaning, and context are the third major sources that influence behavior. Correlation between the three elements is produced individual behaviors. Basically, the culture from interacts between human meanings with context meanings. 1. Culture According to Schneider (1976), culture is a system having a separated and independent existence from that of the individuals who manifest it in their behavior. Actually, a culture is a reflection of the identity of the society. The societies care with the goal of their speech which has good influence to applier of a language. Thus, they adopt the culture and apply it in their acts as well as selectively.
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2. Meaning Based on Leech in Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, in semantics studies various types of meanings are recognized, such as conceptual, connotative, social and affective, reflected and co-locative, associative, and thematic (Leech in Jacob L Mey Book’s, 1981:459). Furthermore, all these meanings exist in an individual’s communicative and used in social interaction. 3. Context Context is the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1978:395). It is a toll to achieve the true communicates. What the speakers say will influence in the act of readers, so the speakers should put their language in right situation. According to Sperber and Wilson in Mona Baker’s book entitled In other Words (1992:238) said that the context does much more than filter out inappropriate interpretation; it provides premises without which the implicature cannot inferred at all (1986:37). Apart from the actual setting and the participants involved in an exchange, the context also included the co-text and the linguistic conventions of a community in general. Mona Baker added that context is the language user’s sense of what is socially and textually appropriate or normal. This does not have much to do with what the reader thinks the world is like, but rather with what she or he is prepared given situation. 13
In sociolinguistics studies contexts, the key of concept for understanding is the nature of communication in general. Concerning the linguistic context, analytic of sentences focus on sense in extends of linguistics texts. Including naturally occur the dialogues in daily social interaction. D. Speech Act In the words of Habermas in Jacob L. Mey entitled Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics (1998:927) shows that speaker utters something understandably. The speaker gives hearer something to understand. As well as, makes the speaker itself thereby understandable and comes to understanding with another person. Adds to Habermas, indicated that further requirements on speaker. He states that speaker should believe the truth of what is said, so that hearer can share speaker’s knowledge. In the other hand, speaker should express his/her intentions in such a way that the linguistic expression represents what is intended. It means the hearer can trust the speaker utter. According to Grice in Mey’s book in more his explanation about maxims of quantity of manner shows that speaker should perform the speech act in such a way that it conforms to recognized norms or to accepted self images. So that, the hearer accord with speaker who share the value of orientation. Additionally, speaker and hearer can reciprocally motivate one another to recognize is determined by a specific reference to a thematically stressed validity claim, whereby speaker in a cognitively testable way, 14
assumes with a truth claim, obligations to provide grounds with a rightness claim, obligation to provide justification, and with a truth fullness claim, obligation to prove trustworthy (Habermas in Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics Mey’s book, 1998:927). In attempting to express something, the society does not only produce utterance contain with the grammatical structures and words but also they perform action via those utterance. Actions that performed via utterances are generally called speech acts. Speech acts apply to the speaker’s communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally anticipates that his or her communicative intention will be recognized and be understood by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in the process by the circumstances surrounding the utterance. 1. Speech Acts Philosophers a. John Langshaw Austin John Langshaw Austin or J.L.Austin was born 26 March 1911 was British philosopher of language. He is an expert of the theory of speech acts. Prior to Austin, the attention of
linguistic and analytic philosophers had
been directed almost exclusively to statements, assertions, and propositions. This led to problems when analyzing certain types of statements, for example in determining the truth conditions for such statements as "I promise to do soand-so."Austin pointed out that we use language to do things as well as to assert things, and that the utterance of a statement like "I promise to do soand-so" is best understood as doing something — making a promise — rather
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than making an assertion about anything. Hence the name of one of
his
best-known works:"How to do Things with Words". (http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/754957/philosophy-oflanguage).
b. Jhon Searle Jhon Searle was born July 31, 1932, Denver, Colo.,U.s.) American philosopher best known for his work in the philosophy of languageespecially speech act theory-and the philosophy of mind. He also made significant contributions to epistemology, ontology, the philosophy of social institutions, and the study of practical reason. He views his writings in these areas as forming a single picture of human experience and of the social universe in which that experience takes place. Searle’s father, G. W. Searle, was a business executive and his mother, Hester Beck Searle, was a physician. After moving several times the family finally settled in Wisconsin. John Searle begin his college education at the University of Wiscondin-Madison, and subsequently became a Rhodes Scolar at Oxford University, where he obtainer a doctorate in philosophy. Searle’s early work, which did a great deal to establish his reputation, was on speech acts. He attempted to synthesize ideas from many colleagues including J.L. Austin.
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2. Classification of Speech Acts There are three kinds of classification system of speech acts in order to differentiate the utterances into their own characteristics. Those classifications are based on the basis of the structure, from the literal or non-literal meanings, from the general function (Yule, 1996:53-54), and from the dimensions of the use of language (Austin, 1962: 109). a.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
b.
Literal and Non-Literal Speech Acts
c.
Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts
d.
Verdictives, Exercitives, Commissives, Behavities, Expositives
3. A Brief History of Speech Acts According to J. L. Austin that speech act theory is saying something we do something (Austin, 1962: 119). It means speech acts is part of doing or words to connect in actions. Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin is for most attributed to developing this theory. Austin formulated his ideas on speech act theory in the 1930’s and lectured on them at both oxford and Harvard in the first half of the 1950’s. After Austin is posthumous, one of his former students, Jhon R. Searle, took many of Austin’s ideas and concepts on speech act theory, and further elaborated and refined them. Austin is noticed that the concept of the performative utterance, of doing something by saying something. He also adds that in saying
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anything one is performing some kind of act. Austin clarifies three component of speech act. It is consists of: Locutionary acts: This is equivalent to utter a certain sentence with a certain sense and reference; also equivalent to ‘meaning’ in the traditional sense. It is actual words of the message. Illocutionary acts: This is a kind of utterance with a certain force such as informing, ordering, warning, and undertaking. Simply, illocution is what speaker means to convey. Perlocutionary acts: This is an act of bringing about or achieving some effect by saying something, such as convincing, persuading, deterring, surprising, and misleading. In short, perlucotion is hearer’s reaction to speaker’s message. The third components are different senses of the use a sentence or the use of a language. All of them, these are kinds of action. Thus, Jhon Searle agreed that theory of J.L. Austin that sentence meaning has to do with sets rules requiring the speaker to perform the illocutionary acts or indicated by the sentence. He adds such acts concern the utterance of a sentence that; (a) indicates that one performs the act, (b) means what one says, and (c) addresses an audience in the vicinity. As result, he set in his book titles ‘SPEECH ACTS’ to combine all of these elements to give an account of so-called ‘illocutionary acts’.
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In addition, Austin classifies illocutionary acts into five types, verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives. Although it is often argued that Austin’s classification is not complete and those coined categories are not mutually exclusive. Austin’s classification is best seen as an attempt to give a general picture of illocutionary acts: what types of illocutionary act one can generally perform in uttering a sentence. One can exercise judgment (verdictive), exert influence or exercise power (exercitive) assume obligation or declare intention (commissive), adopt attitude, or express feeling (Behabitive), and clarify reasons, argument, or communication (Expositive). 4.
Definition of Speech Acts Some philosophers give the different arguments of regarding the definition of speech acts: a.
John Langshaw Austin John Langshaw Austin is the philosopher who introduces the first concept of languages as a form of action or further called speech acts. According to Austin’s posthumous, define that a speech acts should be analyzing as a locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts.
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Added in his 1969 book SPEECH ACTS he sets out to combine all of these elements to give an account of so-called 'illocutionary acts' (Austin, 1962: 109). There are:
1) Locutionary is the literal utterance 2) Illocutionary is the intended meaning 3) Perlocutionary is how an utterance is understood Addition from Austin’s opinion (1978: 1) suggests that with words, we do something not only says something. The words indicate anything about the speaker want to say also how the speaker makes the hearer do something. Words views an act is successful or not with reference to the speaker’s intention. As well as, it is to decide whether the statement is true or false. Then he explains that it was the assumption of philosophers that the business of a ‘statement’ can only be to ‘describe’ some state of affairs, or to ‘state some fact’, which it must do either truly of false . b.
Jhon Searle Searle defined speech acts as: “The unit of linguistics communication is not, as has generally been supposed, the symbol, the word or the sentence, or even the token (roughly: the occurrence) of the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the production or issuance of the symbol, word or sentence in the performance of the speech act (Searle, 1969:16)”.
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In essence, Searle’s theory in the Parker’s book entitled Linguistic for Non-Linguistic states that everything we say constitutes some sort of speech act such as, promising, stating, apologizing, threatening, and predicting, and so on. Parker added each type of speech act is governed by a set of felicity conditions, which be met if the speech act is to be valid. Thus, knowledge of these different speech acts and their felicity conditions constitutes part of our knowledge of the rules of language use. A great deal can be said in the study of language without studying speech acts, but any such purely formal theory is necessary incomplete (Searle, 1977: 17)
Searle also adds that speech acts theory is of great interest to study languages. In daily communication, the society so need some speech in each their acts. c.
Jacob L Mey Mey (1994:111) clarifies the meaning of speech acts as actions happening in the world, which they bring about change in the existing state of affairs.
d.
Frank Parker In addition, parker (1986: 14) defines speech acts as every utterance of speech acts constitutes some sort of fact. Adds the speech acts are extremely sensitive to the context of the utterance, in particular to the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. 21
e.
Yule Simply, Yule’s explanation of meaning about speech acts is an action showed via utterances (1996:47). Anything the definition of speech acts above speech act is an act
when we say a word and the result is the productions of the utterance in the purpose of making thing occurred. 5. Types of Speech Acts There are two dimensions of speech act found according to Parker (1986: 17-20), such as, directness and literalness as bellow: a.
Directness As Searle’ sharp out the illocutionary act say that it is performed indirectly by performing another, in “Indirect speech Acts” books at 1975. Searle clears it in the example, “Bring me a coat” ask him. This performing is direct illocutionary act as a requesting. However, if he changes the utterance with, could you bring me my coat, it is mean make a request but the speaker seems doing something quite different. This performing is indirect illocutionary act of making a request. These performing is a simply way to make clear differentiating direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.
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1) Direct Speech Acts Direct speech acts defines as the synthetic form of an utterance reflects the direct illocutionary act. Direct speech acts is also called direct illocutionary act (Parker,1991:17). Frank parker consisted of direct speech acts as examples as the following: Utterance
Syntactic Form Direct Illocutionary Act
1. The earth is round. Declarative 2. What time is it?
Interrogative
3. Get off my foot.
Imperative
Stating Asking ordering or requesting
The examples are the synthetic form of the utterance matched the direct illocutionary act. First example is used to make a statement. Second, an interrogative form is used to ask a question. The last example is an imperative form is used to give an order or make a request. Therefore, the direct speech act is the one that matches the syntactic form of the utterance. 2) Indirect Speech Acts Indirect speech act is the syntactic form of an utterance does not reflect any indirect illocutionary act associated with it (Parker, 1991. p.17) Basically, indirect illocutionary act is giving a respond with use direct illocutionary act to appropriate respond. When the hearer gives inappropriate response, so the utterance is
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probably used the indirect illocutionary perform. In the women’s statement, “Can you pass the salt?” “Yes.” Answer the stranger sitting in beside your counter, he rather than passing the salt and back in his lunch. His response is inappropriate because his response is direct illocutionary act as asking a question rather than indirect illocutionary act (making a request). Yule (1996:55) adds that indirect sentence has relationship between a structure and a function of the utterances; it is called indirect speech act. Analysis of an indirect speech act Searle’s approach: a) Assume the existence of a dual illocutionary force: the non-literal/indirect force is primary; the literal/indirect force is secondary. b) Whether an utterance operates as an indirect speech act or not has to do with the relevant felicity conditions. c) Some kind of inference is necessary when an addressee understands an indirect speech act that a speaker performs. d) Apart from inference, there is a certain degree of conventionality about speech acts. e) If there is no direct relationship between a sentence type and an-illocutionary force, the speech act is indirect. If
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there is a direct match, it is a direct speech act. For example, indirect speech acts are more polite than their direct counterparts are. The more indirect a speech act is, the more polite it is. b.
Literalness One more condition in our community, about theory of language that speakers use have to account for is the fact that they sometimes mean what they say literally and sometimes not. According to Vandeverken (1997:327) mentions that non literal speech acts consist of two important properties. First, contextually cancellable: speakers could use the same sentences in other possible contexts of utterance without having the intention of performing these non literal speech acts. Second, non literal speech acts are also in general not detachable: if the speaker uttered another sentence expressing the same literal illocutionary act in the same context, he would also have meant to perform them. 1)
Literal Speech Acts The example of literal speech acts is I feel just awful. The utterance indicates that someone who is eating eight jelly donuts. In these phenomena, someone mean exactly what he or she say. So, the utterance calls literal speech acts.
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2) Non-Literal Speech Acts The example consists of non literal speech acts. It shows in “I just eat ketoprak food, dad”. Said the child who in the small traditional restaurant. In fact, the ketoprak is used up in the time. This is not mean the child not eat rice or the others food, but she/he so wants the food. This utterance is called non-literal speech acts. c. Interaction of Directness and Literalness Parker (1987:19) said that speech acts have two dimensions: directness and literalness. The fact, the dimensions make possible be two values means also divided into four different types of speech acts: literal and direct, non-literal and direct, literal and indirect, and non-literal and indirect. 1) Direct and Literal Speech Acts As an illustration: “Stick out your tongue.” Said the doctor who estimate you if you have a trouble in health. This utterance is said directly the original meaning. That means the utterance is direct and literal speech acts. This is direct because an imperative structure used to perform a direct illocutionary act, namely making a request. It is literal because the doctor means exactly what these words say to stick out your tongue.
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2) Direct and Non-Literal Speech Acts Supposed Damar and Wulan are in a story book. Damar said, “I never read the pretty book.” He amazed. “You can buy for me; I will read it for you.” Wulan’s response is as a joke. This utterance is stated directly but it is not suitable with the original meaning. This is non-literal direct speech act. It is nonliteral because Wulan not means exactly what his words say. It is direct because she is using declarative structure to perform a direct illocutionary act, namely making a statement. 3) Indirect and Literal Speech Acts As an illustration, a man is in a store of flower. He said, “I would like a rose to express an honesty of love” asked him. A woman who an owner takes a white rose. “You see it?” said the woman. This utterance shows indirectly from the buyer to the owner but has original meaning. This is a literal and indirect speech act. It called literal because a man means what his words say, he would like a white rose. It called indirect because the man is using a declarative structure to perform a direct illocution of stating and an indirect illocution of requesting.
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4) Indirect and Non Literal Speech Acts Mr. Nurman said that “Why do not you yell a little louder?” This utterance has different meaning from the speaker’s say and the utterance said indirectly from the speaker to the listener. This is a non-literal and indirect speech acts. It is non-literal because Mr. Nurman does not mean what his words say (he does not want the listener to yell louder). It is indirect because Mr. Nurman is using an interrogative structure to perform the indirect illocutionary acts of making a request (he want the listener be quite). 6.
Austin’s Categories of Illocution Acts In his book “How to do Things with Words”, Austin differentiates five generals’ classes in speech acts. He classifies conform to their illocutionary force, by the following more-or-less rebarbative, names: 1) Verdictives Verdictive is symbolized of the giving of a verdict, as the name implies, by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire. However, they need not be final, such as an estimating, grading, locating, reckoning, characterizing, rule, describing, analyzing, interpret as, and calculating. It is essentially giving a finding as to something-fact, or value-which is for different reasons hard to be certain.
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2) Exercitives Exercitives is exercised of powers, rights, or influence. For examples, appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, choosing, and warning. 3) Commissives Commissives types of promising or otherwise undertaking; they commit you to doing something, but include also declarations or announcements of intention, which are not promises, and also rather vague thing, such as opposing, undertaking, agreeing, purposing, planning, and adopting. They have obvious connections with verdictives and exercitives. 4)
Behabitives Behabitives is a very miscellaneous group, and have to do with attitudes and social behavior such as, complimenting, apologizing, congratulating, overlooking, criticizing, welcoming, thanking, wishing, commending, felicity, and applauding.
5) Expositives Expositives is how our utterances fit into the course of an argument or conversation, how we use words, or in general, are expository. Such as, denying, remarking, mentioning, answering, believing, calling, asking, and reporting. For examples, ‘I reply’, ‘I argue’, ‘I concede’, ‘I illustrate’, ‘I assume’, ‘I postulate’. We
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should be clear from the start that there are still wide possibilities of marginal or awkward cases, or of overlaps. Concisely, Austin transfers the brief definition of five categories illocutionary of speech acts. Namely, verdictives is an exercise of judgment; exercitives is an assertion of influence or exercising of power; the commissives is an assuming of an obligation or declaring of an intention; the behabitives is the adopting of an attitude; and the expositives
is
the
clarifying
of
reasons,
arguments,
and
communications. E. Contributes of Finding Speech Acts Formerly known by a few as a mark of education, languages are now studied by people from all walks of life. More languages are studied than ever before, and methods of learning them are changing radically. The goals of this study have broadened to include spoken communication with and understanding of the other speakers on the widest of human interests. In communication the society use language in rightly and correctly form. In fact the society as speaker demanded to make the other society as hearer to do something with the utterance. It calls as speech acts that study about how the society uses “words” as an “action”. According to Robert Lado in his book entitled Language Teaching (1964:153) shows that contextual area is careful selection of contextual areas for the dialogue and reading material permits full use of the language in
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limited areas early in the course. Pictures, slides, or a film may help significantly to provide cultural content for observation by the students. Observation alone, of course, may mislead. Explain or clarify the cultural content of the material presented. In researching to explain great movement about how to make the reader or the students on next future will know more about speech acts shown in “Avatar the Last Air-Bender” movie. This research explore about theory of speech acts in details, classification of speech acts types, and more clear with so many example of speech acts. This research finding contributed for: 1. Theoretical Benefits This research is carried out as the support of speech acts theory in the development of linguistic theories. The writer hopes this study will be beneficial for the other researchers in a research. 2. Practical Benefits After implementing the research, the researcher expects that these researches are contributed for: a) The research To show the strategies to interest the students in language learning process by script movie analyze. Besides, this research chooses the familiar cartoon movie that used simple language. It makes the students learn easily. 31
b) The lecturer This research made to recognize types of speech acts by movie scripts. Moreover, they can deliver the theory to students clearly. c) The Students By film manuscript about speech act, the student will be easily to deepen the material and apply in daily communication. The researcher as well as introduce to the students that study language is so fun. d) Other researcher This research is simple analysis as an increment the other researchers or the readers.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA PRESENTATION
This chapter contains method that the writer used in the research. It consists of research methodology and data presentation. Research methodology divided into research approach, data sources, object of the research, methods of collecting data, and methods of analyzing data as well as procedures of the research. This research analyzes the speech acts based on the data script movie. The purpose of this research is to explain the methodology of the research and clarify the data presentation in the script movie. A. Research Approach The researcher uses descriptive qualitative approach. The writer describes the type of speech act and the illocutionary acts that finds in the movie script. The writer uses the research procedures to obtain the empirical data required to provide materials for analysis. Qualitative research is a research to comprehend phenomena of what is happen on the research subject holistically and by description in words and language from, in a certain natural context and use several scientific methods (Moleong, 2009:6). Qualitative research is established of abstraction based on the components that collected and grouped. When the researcher composed the theory, the data of research clear since the collecting of the data. Moreover, the researcher not suggests the data that is important to more understand all of the goals of research. In qualitative research the data
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collection as words and pictures is not consist of numbers. It causes as qualitative method. In this method, a process is an important than result of the research. The process of doing qualitative research presents a challenge because procedures for organizing images are ill-defined and rely on processes of inference, insight, logic, and luck, and eventually, with creativity and hard work, the result emerge as a coherent whole (Morse, 1994:1). B. Data Sources The resource of data is the analysis script movie. C. Object of the Research The object of the study in Avatar the last Air bender script movie is an analyzing the players’ utterances. D. Methods of the Research The researcher is used qualitative documentation of this research. E. Procedures of the Research The writer uses interpretative approach to analyze the data. There are many sequences to analyze data in this graduating paper, namely: 1.
Identification step, the researcher identified the data which collected from the dialogue in script.
2.
From the identified, the researcher categorized the data into types of speech act from “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie script.
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3.
The researcher defined appropriate and omitted inappropriate utterances from the data above.
4.
The researcher described and analyzed the utterances which kinds of speech acts found in the “Avatar the Last Air-bender” the movie.
F. Data presentation Data is information or fact: the research involves collecting data from two random samples. Data on pesticide as experimental, historical, statistical, etc data detailed research data. (Longman Dictionary of contemporary English,2003:465. The researcher has two categories to present data transcription based on the movie. First, the researcher analyzes the kinds of speech acts from the general function of speech acts and Austin’s categories of Illocutionary acts in the “Avatar the Last Air-Bender” the movie in “The Awakening” episodes.
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The data are: Data of Speech Acts General Function’s Type
1. No 1
Type of Speech Acts Directness
Part of the Type
The Data
Direct Speech Acts
1) Aang: How long was I out? Katara: A few weeks. 2) Aang: I’ll handle this. The Avatar is back. Katara: Aang, wait! 3) Aang: Take my hand. Katara: Ok.
Indirect Speech Acts
1) Azula: Zuko, could I have a word with you? Zuko: Can not you see we are busy? Azula: Oh May, Tylee need your help untangling her braid. 2) Azula: Oh May, Tylee need your help untangling her braid. May: Sounds pretty serious. 3) Taff: Twinkle-Toes that is got to be you? Aang: (Keep silence) 4) Azula: So, I hear you have been to visit your uncle fatso in the prison tower. Zuko: That guard told you?
Literalness
Literal Speech Acts
1) Taff: Hyaa!! Katara: I’m gonna give us some cover. 2) May: I do not hate you. Zuko: I do not hate you too. 3) Student: Now what do we do?
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Aang: This is when you start dancing. 4) Zuko: I brought you some komodo-chicken. I know you do not care for it, but I figure it beats prison food.
Non-Literal Speech Acts
1) Katara: Aang, everyone’s watching. Aang: Do not worry about them. It is just you and me right now. 2) Student: Who are you looking for? Do you need something? Custodian: (search Aang) 3) Aang: It was nice meeting you. Student: I don’t believe it. .
Directness and Literalness
Direct and Literal Speech Acts
1) Sokka: And the best part is, the eclipse is not even our biggest advantage. We have a secret. You! Aang: Me?? Sokka: Yup. The whole world thinks you are dead. Is not that great?
2) Custodian: It is over, we caught you. Aang: Who? Me? Custodian: It could not be more obvious that you don’t belong here. next time you play hooky.
3) Zuko: Uncle. It’is me. 4) Teacher: Good morning class. Recite the fire nation
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oath! Students: My life, I give to my country. With my hands, I fight for fire lord. With my mind, I seek way to better my country and with my feet…
5) Hakoda: I am Hakoda, Direct and NonLiteral Speech Act
Katara and Sokka’s father. 1) Katara: Is there anything you need? Aang: I need to redeem myself. I need my honor back. . 2) May: Aren’t you cold? Zuko: I’ve got a lot on my mind. It’s been so long. Over three years since I was home. I wonder what’s changed. I wonder how I’ve changed.
Indirect and Literal Speech Acts
1) Custodian I: Sir, admiral Chan has been on leave for two months at Ember Island. Captain: What? Why does not anyone ever tell me anything? Something’s not right.
2) Zuko: Why did you tell father that I was the one who killed the Avatar? Azula: Can’t this wait until tomorrow? Zuko: It can’t. Azula: Fine
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Indirect and NonLiteral Speech Acts
1) Captain: I mean, how hard is it to write a quick note and send a hawk our way? Chef Hakoda: Next time, we’ll send two hawksto be sure you get the message. 2) Azula: You seem so downcast. Has May gotten to you already? Though actually, May has been in a strangely good mood lately. Zuko: I haven’t seen dad yet. I haven’t seen him in three years, since I was Banished. 3) Teacher: Kuza? Kuza: I know is ugly.
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2. Data of Austin’s categories of speech acts
No 1.
Speech Acts Austin’s type Verdictives
Part of the Type 1. Estimating
Data 1) Aang: Are you mad at your dad or something? Katara: What? Not at all! Why would you say that? Aang: Mmm-Mmm.
2. Locating
1) Aang: Taraaa….! Normal kid. Taff: Hmm…I should probably wear shoes but then I won’t be able to see as well. Sorry shoes… Finally, a stylish shoe for the blind earth bender
3. Grading
1) Katara: Aang, that’s not truth. Aang: It is true. I was in Ba Sing Sei. I was there, but I lost. And now the earth kingdom has fallen for nothing. Katara: Is not for good. Remember, there’s still a plan. The invasion.
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Aang: And I hate the invasion too. I don’t want you or anyone else risking your lives to fix my mistakes. I’ve always known that I would have to face the fire lord.But now, I know I need to do it alone.
4. Characterizing
5. Reckoning
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1) Lo and Li: Your princes Azula, clever and beautiful. Disguised herself as the enemy and entered the earth kingdom’s capital. In Ba Sing Sei, she found her brother Zuko and together they faced the Avatar. 1) Katara: Is not for good. Remember, there’s still a plan. The invasion. Aang: And I hate the invasion too. I don’t want you or anyone else risking your lives to fix my mistakes. I’ve always known that I would have to face the fire lord. But now, I know I need to do it alone.
6. Ruling
7. Describing
1) Hakoda: Everyone, just stay calm. Bato and I will take care of this. 1) Taff: Why do you need to go to school for? Aang: Every minute I am in that classroom, I’m learning new things about the fire Nation.I already have a picture of Fire Lord, Ozai and here’s one that I made out of noodles. And this noodles
8. Interpret as
make
1) Katara: I just used the spirit water from the North Pole. I don’t know what I did, exactly.. Aang: You saved me Katara: you need to rest.
9. Analizing
1) Sokka: And the best part is, the eclipse is not even our biggest advantage. We have a secret. You! Aang: Me? Sokka: Yup. The whole world thinks you’re dead. Is not that great? Aang: The world thinks that I am dead
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person. How is that good news? That’s terrible. Sokka: No. It’s great. It means the Fire Nation won’t be hunting us anymore. And even better, they won’t be expecting you on the day of black sun. 10. Calculate
1) Headmaster: That’s what any mother would say, Ma’am. Nonetheless, you’re forewarned. If he acts up one more time, I’ll have him sent to reform school by which I mean the coal mines. Are we clear? 2) Sokka: Aang, I’m trying to be mature and not immediately shoot down your idea. But it sounds really terrible. Aang: Yeah, we got our outfits. 3) Headmaster: That’s what any mother would say, ma’am. Nonetheless, you’re forewarned If he acts up one more time I’ll have him sent to reform school by which I mean the coal mines. Are we clear? Sokka: Don’t you
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worry, mr. headmaster 2.
Exercitives
1. Appointing
1) Hakoda: Everything ok? Katara: We’re fine, dad. Hakoda: I am Hakoda, Katara and Sokka’s father. Katara: He knows who you are. I called you dad, right? 2) Sokka: And The Best Part Is, The Eclipse Is Not Even Our Biggest Advantage. We Have A Secret. You! Aang: Me? Sokka: Yup. The whole world thinks you’re died. Is not that great?
2. Voting
1) Taff: Plus, they have real food out there. Does anyone wanna sit in the dirt and eat cave-hoppers? (Taff blend the earth and put out cavehoppers. Momo eat it but cough up outright.) Sokka: Looks like we got outvoted, sport. Let’s get some new
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clothes. 3. Ordering
1) Sokka: What could you possibly do for a country of depraved little fire monsters? Aang: I am gonna throw them a secret dance party. Sokka: Go to your room!
4. Urging
1) Aang: I hate not being able to do anything. Taff: Hopefully, you won’t need to.
5. Advising
1) May: Aren’t you cold? Zuko: I’ve got a lot on my mind. It’s been so long. Over three years since I was home. May: (yawning) Huh, I just asked if you were cold. I didn’t as for your whole life story. Stop worrying.
2) Aang: And why am I the only one who’s completely out of it? Katara: You need to take it easy, ok? You got hurt pretty bad.
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6. Warning
1) Teacher: Is this a new mind ready for molding? Aang: That’s right. Let the molding begin. Teacher: Wait a minute! You are not from the fire nation
2) Aang: We made it through the day, momo… And it was pretty fun. Angie: Don’t let the headmaster catch you with that monkey 7. Chosing
1) Aang: I don’t know about this, these clothes belong to somebody. Katara: I call the silk robe. Aang: But if it’s essential to our survival.
3.
Commissive
1.
Opposing
1) Sokka: Here, tie this arround your head. It’ll cover your arrow. Aang: I’m not going out if I can’t wear my arrow proudly.. Sokka: Aang, come on! Be practical.
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2.
Undertaking
1) Aang: You have for generations. It just so happens that I know several classic Fire Nation dances. A hundred years ago this was known as “the Phoenix fight”. Students: Ooh…wow.. Aang: And this was the “cam elephant strut”.
3.
Agreeing
1) Taff: Hey Aang! We’re going into town to find some dinner. Aang: Well. I am pretty hungry. Maybe dinner’s a good idea.
4.
Purposing
1) Aang: I can’t just stand by and do nothing. Sokka: Aang! No! You’re still hurt, and you have to stay secret just let us handle this.
5. Planning
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1) Aang: What about the invasion? Sokka: We’ll join up with my dad and the invasion force on the day of the eclipse.
2) Taff: Hey, what’s… Oh, it’s your glider. Aang: That’s ok. If someone saw it, it would give away my identity. It’s better for now that no one knows I’m alive.
3) Aang: If we get Fire Nation disguises we’ll just as safe as we would be hiding in a cave…. 4) Azula: I need you zuko. I’ve plotted every move of this day, and the only way we win is together.
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6. Adopting
4.
Behabitives
1. Complimenting
1) Aang: I used to visit my friend Kuzon here 100 years ago. So everyone just follow my lead and stay cool. Or as they say in the Fire Nation. “Stay’s flaming” greetings, my good hotman. 1) Katara: I like your hair. Aang: I have hair? How long was I out? Katara: A few weeks
2. Wishing
Aang: I’m not ready to leave. I’m having fun for once just being a normal kid. You don’t know what it’s like, Sokka. You get to be normal all the time.
3. Felicity
1) Angie: Oh, Hi Kuzon. I really liked that crazy dance you were doing. AKuzon: Thanks, Angie. I could show it to you again if you’d like..
4. Apologizing
1) Teacher: Your etiquette is terrible. In the homeland, we bow to our elders. Like so sorry ma’am. Aang: Sorry mom.
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5. Congratulating
1) Azula: We’ve done it, Zuko. The Fire Nation has conquered Ba Sing Se. When you return home, father will welcome you as a war her. Zuko: But I don’t have the Avatar.
6. Overlooking
1) Zuko: Please uncle, I’m so confused. I need your help. Forget it! I’ll solve this myself. Waste away in here for all I care. (door creaks shut)
7. Criticizing
1) Katara: Now you guys have finally meet, so would you mind giving us a little privacy? Hakoda: Of course.
8. Welcoming
1) Aang: Nice to officially meet you, chief Hakoda. Hakoda: Is an honor to know you. 2) Sokka: Aang, good to see you back with the living, buddy 3) Ozai: You have been away for a long time. I see the weight of your travels has changed you. You have redeemed yourself, my son. Welcome home.
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9. Thanking
1) Taff: Things couldn’t get much worse. Sokka: The universe just loves proving me wrong, doesn’t it? Taff: You make it too easy. Sokka: Thank you, the universe 2) Headmaster: Thank you for coming, Mr and Mrs… Sokka: Fire, Wang Fire. This is my wife Sapphire. 3) Angie: Oh, hi Kuzon. I really liked that crazy dance you were doing. Kuzon: Thanks, Angie..
10. Applauding
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1) Ozai: I am proud of you, prince Zuko. I am proud because you and your sister conquered Ba Sing Sei. I am proud because when your loyalty was tested for by your treacherous uncle. You did the right thing and captured the traitor. And I am proudest of all of your most legendary accomplishment. You splayed the Avatar.
Zuko: What did you hear?
2) The twin old woman: And after three long years, your princes has returned. Zu..ko.. (cheering and applause). 5.
Expositives
1) Denying
1) Aang: Are you mad at your dad or something? Katara: Not at all. Why would you say that? Aang: (Confused) 2) Hakoda: We’ve been on working a modified version of the invasion plan. Katara: It’s Sokka’s invasion plan. Hakoda: Yes, Sokka’s plan. 3) Taff: Sokka, we don’t need to become cave people what we need is some new clothes. Katara: Yeah, blending in is better than hiding out.
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2) Remarking
1) Katara: I brought some food. Oh no! (Aang disappear)
3) Mentioning
1) Zuko: I brought some komodo-chicken. I know you do not care for it, but I figure it beats prison food. I admit it. I have everything. I always wanted, but it’s not at all how I thought it would be. The truth is I need your advice. I think the avatar is still alive. I know he’s out there. I’m losin my mind. Please, uncle. I’m so confused. I need your help. 1) Student 1: Now what do we do?? Aang: this is when you start dancing
4) Answering
5) Believing
6) Calling
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1) Aang: The world thinks I’m dead. How is that good news? That is terrible. Sokka: No, it’s great. It means the Fire Nation won’t be hunting us anymore. And even better they won’t be expecting you on the day of black sun 1) Aang: Ladies and gentlemen! The flamey-os! Yeah, this ought to get every body
moving 7) Reporting
1) Headmaster: Mr. and Mrs.Fire.your son has been enrolled here for two days. And he’s already causing problems. He‘s argued with his history teacher, disrupted music class, and roughed up my star pupil. Mrs. Fire: My goodness. That does not sound like our Kuzon.
8) Asking
1) Aang: No. No. No. Do not you have idea? You have no idea. This is so messed up. (Forghorn blaring) Aan: I’ll handle this. The avatar is back.(Grunting) Katara: Aang! Wait! Remember, they do not know we are not Fire Nation.
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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING
This chapter presents the research finding. It is the study of script movie on “Avatar the Last Air-bender” in episodes “The Awakening”. The movie plays during 23.39 minutes in the first episode and 23.41 minutes in the second episode. The script movie is based on Parker’s theory and Austin’s theory which contain for the study of speech acts. Especially, the general function of speech acts in Parker’s theory and categorizing of illocutionary speech acts in Austin’s categorize. To answer the problems, the data are classified based on the finding speech acts in the script of movie. A. Research Finding There are some data obtained from the script movie uttered in the conversations “Avatar the Last Air-bender” that can be classified into the general speech acts and the category of speech acts based on Austin’s theory. 1.
Types of Speech Acts Types of speech acts based on Parker’s theory contain directness and literalness. Parker also adds interaction between directness with literalness. They are: a.
Directness Directness is including, direct speech acts, and indirect speech acts. The directness is included into dialogue on movie research.
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1) Direct Speech Acts According to Parker’s theory direct speech acts as the synthetic form of an utterance reflects the direct illocutionary act. Direct speech acts are also called direct illocutionary act (Parker,1991:17). a) The dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:03:56.ep1) Aang: “How long was I out?” Katara: “A few weeks”. (The conversation happened on upper deck of the Fire Nation cruiser. He was so confused to what happened. He was in a Fire Nation area but he was greeter by his friends who all worn the nation uniforms. Aang was the only one who was out in the warfare between Fire Nation and Ba Sing Sei which was the Earth Kingdom. He was out for some weeks after the war). This utterance shows that Aang asked how long he was out. Actually, he did not know anything. He could not remember the incident. This is direct speech acts because the sentence is an interrogative form that is used to ask a question. Here, Aang got appropriate response.
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b) Dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:08:39. Part 1) (Foghorn blaring) Aang:” I’ll handle this. The Avatar is back. (Grunting) Katara: “Aang, wait”. (This conversation happened on the deck of Fire Nation cruiser which was stolen by Aang’s team. A worse signal made Aang pushed away their mission to fool fire’s soldiers. That was under covered Aang’s life. But, Aang forced to handle fire’s invasion and showed if he was awake to save Ba Sing Sei. Even though, Katara prevented him immediately. She wanted not the fire’s soldiers to know about the existence of Aang) The italic utterance is direct speech acts. It is because the sentences use imperative syntactic form. Aang and Katara’s utterance shows the statements are imperative form. Aang’s words refered to an urging statement. The Katara’s utterance is used imperative structure. It makes statement to send an order. She meant Aang still hide.
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c) Dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:19:53. Part 2) Aang: “Take my hand”. Katara: “Emm,, ok”. (The conversation happened when Aang arranged dance party to fire’s students in Aang’s team hideaway. That a cave. In the party, the students gradually started to freestyle dance. Although Aang’s best friends, such as, Toph and Sokka as well as Katara did not join in the dance. Later, Aang asked Katara to dance with him. Aang stretched his hand. After hesitating, she took his hand and they performed a moment of what looked like mutual attraction) Aang’s utterance include in direct of speech act. It is direct because he makes a request to take his hand and start to dance. Katara response is suitable as Aang’s wants.
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2) Indirect Speech Acts According to Yule (1996:55) indirect sentence has relationship between a structure and a function of the utterances; it is called indirect speech act. a) Dialogue between Azula and Zuko (00:14:58. Part 2) Azula: “Zuko, could I have a word with you?” Zuko: “Can not you see we are busy?” Azula: “Oh, May, Tylee need you help untangling her braid”. (Azula stated the utterance when she has something to discuss with Zuko. The conversation happened since Azula heared that was someone visited the prison. She guessed that Zuko was the visitor. So, she just ascertained about it. However, Zuko wanted not pay attention with Azula’s statement because he was chating with May) The italic utterance is indirect speech acts. It is indirect because the sentence is a question that is not only need yes or no response but also more action. Zuko’s utterance has meaning that he annoyed by his sister. The syntactic form of Zuko’s utterance is interrogative to make an affirming.
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b) Dialogue between Azula and May (00:15:05. Part 2) Azula: “Oh May, Tylee need you untangling her braid”. May: “Sounds pretty serious”. (The conversation happened when Zuko and Azula has bad discussed. It caused Zuko was not recking of Azula’s utterance. Then, Azula batted out that Tylee who their buddy needed May’s helping to make May kept away from Zuko. So, she could free talked something that privacy with him) Azula’s utterance is indirect speech acts. It is indirect because the meaning of sentence is to inform May to help Tylee. In fact, the utterance has other mean that Azula wanted May leaft her with her brother, Zuko. c) Dialogue between Taff and Aang (00:02:35. Part 1) Taff: “Twinkle-Toes! That is got to be you”. Aang: (So weak) (The dialogue above showed that Aang was plodding in the way of the deck of fire’s cruiser which stolen by Aang’s team. He was just waked up for two weeks. Taff’s utterance was glorious happy when Aang was back
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strengthly. Aang walked so weak. Taff, Sokka, and Katara hurried into Aang’s stand) Taff’s utterance is included in to indirect illocutionary acts. It is indirect because the sentence is one of determined. The words are used declarative the syntactic from. d) The dialogue between Azula and Zuko (00:15:17. Part 2) Azula: “So, I hear you have been visited your uncle Fatso in the prison tower”. Zuko: “That guard told you?” Azula: “No, you did…just now”. (The dialogue above showed that Azula believed that Zuko was visiting for uncle Fatso in the prison. Basically, Fatso was the one who near with him. In many cases, his uncle saw a lot of to take cares him; given more the understanding of politics, as well as uncle Fatso taught him to master the fire bending. Although, uncle Fatso sealed as the one who betray his Nation, the Fire Nation, but Zuko still cared with him. In several times, Zuko sent some foods for him in the visitations)
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The italic words are indirect speech acts. The utterance is indirect because the syntactic form that used is declarative. The Azula’s expression does not mean to inform Zuko about what she heard. Merely, Azula’s words are a statement, but in fact she would ask to right rumors which she was hearing. b. Literalness Another phenomenon that Parker’s theory of language use has to accounted for is the fact that speakers sometimes mean what they say literary and sometimes not or non-literal. 1) Literal Speech Acts a) Dialogue between Taff and Katara (00:12:33. Part 1) Taff: “Hyaaa!” Katara: “I am gonna give us some cover”. (The conversation happened when Aang and his team who thieved a fire’s ship and used fire’s uniforms to cover their identity. It was best effort that possible to safe themselves since the defeated in Ba Sing’s war. The dialogue occured at fire’s soldiers attacked the ship. They used chain arrow to make the cruiser leaked. Taff was bending the iron which in the deck to stop the soldiers. Besides, Katara
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handled the leakage with water bending. She stiffen the water to block it) Katara’s utterance is literal speech acts. It is literal because it informs Taff that she handled to repair their war craft that charged by fire’s soldiers. The sentence has actual meaning. Although, Taff was not response Katara’s utterance, but she understanded what Katara’s mean. So, the words are called literal speech acts. b) The dialogue between May and Zuko (00:14:50. Part 2) May: “I do not hate you”. Zuko: “I do not hate you too”. (The conversation presented that May was chatting with Zuko. It showed that they liked each other. Actually, she known Zuko isolated for three years and it made him lost his honor as a prince in Fire Nation. To response May’s utterance stated that he has same feeling) May’s utterance is literal speech acts. The italic sentence consists of literal because her words are exactly what she means. In fact, the girl still loved Zuko although he left her for three years. His response is appropriate as wished.
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c) The dialogue between the Fire’s student and Aang (00:17:14. Part 2) Student: “Now what do we do?” Aang: “This is when you start dancing”. (The dialogue happened when Aang arranged a dance party especially for fire’s students. It realized in Aang’s hideaway with his team that was a cave. At beginning, they did not know what the party about. So, one of them asked Aang what they should do. Basically, as a fire citizen, the students did not dance because it was not fire’s tradition. It meant that they just enjoy the music without performed anything, just played music and heared it.) The student’s utterance is included in literal speech acts. It is literal because the sentence is exactly what the student means. He asks what they should do in a cave with full music. So, the statement has not a hidden meaning. d) The dialogue between Zuko and uncle Fatso (00:18:09. Part 2) Zuko: “I brought you some Komodo-chicken. I know you do not care for it, but I figure it beats prison food”. (The dialogue happened when Zuko was visiting his uncle in a prison. He brough some his uncle’s favorite of food. 64
However, his uncle still disappointed with Zuko who betrayed him in Ba Sing’s war. Uncle Fatso wanted not merge in Azula’s team like Zuko, so he hatched and jailed) The italic utterance concerns of literal speech acts because Zuko’s utterance is exactly with his words. He brings some food to his uncle. It is because there is a mistake which forced him imprisoned in his country itself. 2) Non-Literal Speech Acts a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:20:17. Part 2) Katara: “Aang, everyone’s watching”. Aang: “Do not worry about them. It is just you and me right now”. (The conversation showed that Katara embarrassed since Aang requested hers to dance in the central dancing area. All of the fire’s students watched their performing. They combined
Bagua
and
Northern
Shaolin
in
synchronization which indeed appeared to be an acrobatic dance based on their bending techniques. It made the students were all awed. At the end of the dance, Katara and Aang shared a moment of what looked like mutual attraction)
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Katara’s utterance included in non literal speech acts. It is non literal because it has hidden meaning. She did not just inform that the students highlighted them but also felt cheap to continue their dance. Then, Aang stated that there were she and him just now. b) The dialogue between student and custodian (00:22:08. Part 2) Student: “Who are you looking for?” “Do you need something?” Custodian: “Grrrr!!” (The dialogue happened when the Headmaster and several soldiers of fire nation appeared scene where they were having dance party secretly. They tried to catch Aang but he hiden within the crowd of kids. That because the soldiers identitied to Aang with his headband, they threw off when they discovered several other students were wearing the same headband. Therefore, the soldier catched Aang’s false. The student who weared the headband stated any help which he could do)
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The student’s utterance includes non literal speech acts. It is non literal because the sentence meanings are not exactly and not match the uttered. He did not ask the soldier need. In fact the words like a joke. c) The dialogue between Aang and Student (00:07:43. Part 2) Aang:”It was nice to meeting you”. Student:”I don’t believe it”. (The conversation happened when Aang used fire’s uniform of a local school and he caught by a group of fire’s soldier who escorted him into a classroom. After dismissaled the partial school successed he met a friendly girl named Angie. There was Hidde who Angie’s boyfriend which much aggressive and has a brief confrontation with Aang. Basically Hidde thrusted a blow of his right to Aang but Aang as air bender could clear the blow easily. Hidde was angry and leaft him. Then, Aang stated that it was a nice meeting) The italic utterance includes in non literal speech act. It is non literal because Aang’s utterance is not what he means exactly.
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c.
Literalness and Indirectness Speech acts consist of two dimensions that are directness and literalness. In fact, the dimensions have two values means that we should be able to identify four different types of speech acts: literal and direct, non-literal and direct, literal and indirect, and non-literal and indirect. 1) Literal and Direct Speech Acts a) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:08:07. Part 2) Sokka: “And the best part is, the eclipse is not even our biggest advantage. We have a secret. You!” Aang: “Me??” Sokka: “Yup. The whole world thinks you are died. Is not that great?” (The dialogue happened when Aang’s team gather in a deck to discuss the next invasion. Sokka who was a tactician in the team gave an idea to cheat their enemy. In the planning, they should be under covering themselves especially not to public that Aang stiil alive. Aang was surprise. In fact, the idea was the best plan that Sokka repeated again the words in other utterance)
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The italic utterance is literal and direct speech act. It is literal because Sokka’s utterance is Sokka’s want to say. He said they have a secret. The secret was the privacy of Aang which hidden. It is direct because the sentence is a declarative structure which is being used to perform a direct illocutionary, namely stating. b) Dialogue between Custodian and Aang (00:05:30. Part 2) Soldier: “It is over, we caught you”. Aang: “Who? Me?” Custodian: “Of course you! You are none residing in here”. (The conversation happened in a town of Fire Nation century. Aang and his friends were worn fire’s uniform completely. Along a way, Aang called everyone who saw on the street such “hotman”. The greeting was specific characteristics of Fire Nation. When his friends went to buy a meat, Aang abstained due to vegetarianism. Then, he went off on his own for a bit. However, he was quickly caught by a group of fire’s soldiers who escorted him into a classroom. In fact, his clothe was the uniform of a local school and the soldiers assumed that he was a students playing hooky)
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Soldier’s utterance is literal and direct speech acts. This is consisted of literal because the soldier means exactly what these words say. He would catch Aang whom truant student. It is called direct because the words are an imperative structure is being used to perform a direct illocutionary act, namely obligating. c) Dialogue between Zuko and his uncle, Iroh (00:08:54. Part 2) Zuko: “Uncle, it is me”. Uncle Iroh: (…..) (The conversation happened when Zuko was visiting the prison. He visited his uncle. His uncle was the only one who cared with him when he was dissociating by his father, King Oza. However, they were in bad relations. There was a misunderstanding. They taught that they were betraying each other. Zuko came in the prison then greeted him. In fact, his uncle was angry and did not response anything) The utterance uses literal and direct speech acts. That is called literal because Zuko’s utterance has really intending with the words. The statement is about affirming. He affirmed who was coming in the prison was him. It is
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included in direct because Zuko used a declarative structure to perform direct illocutionary acts that is making statement. d) Dialogue between Teacher and Students (00:10:42. Part 2) Teacher:” Good morning class. Recite the fire nation oath!” Students: “My life, I give to my country. With my hands, I fight for fire lord. With my mind, I seek way to better my country and with my feet…”. (The conversation happened in a classroom of Fire Nation School. The teacher greeted the students as well as asked them to declare the oath fire state. Then, all of them declared it. However, Aang as a new student rattled it but he was not doing well) The italic utterance is literal and direct speech acts. It is literal because the statement has truly meaning with the italic utterance. Without yes or no response, the students immediately stated the oath. It is direct because the utterance an imperative syntactic form is being used to perform a direct illocutionary act, namely making a request in her utterance. The statement supported by the declaration of the students about the fire’s stated oath.
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e) Dialogue between Hakoda and Aang (00:04:00. Part 2) Hakoda: I am Hakoda, Katara and Sokka’s father. (The utterance showed that Hakoda was introducing him self. It was the first meeting with Aang whom the one who helped Katara and Sokka to save the Water Tribe, their Nation. Actually, the nation charged by Fire State) The statement includes into literal and direct speech acts. It calls literal because the Hakoda’s utterance is his really intending. He clarified himself clearly because it was a great honor to meet Aang directly. It calls direct because the utterance is being used declarative structure to make a stating. 2) Non Literal and Direct Speech Acts a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:14:55. Part 1) Aang: “Please, please, Katara. Just go”. Katara: “Is there anything you need?” Aang: “I need to redeem myself. I need to my honor back”. (The conversation happened since the battle in Ba Sing Se was finished. Aang felt he was failed as the Avatar. He could not keep the Ba Sing from fire’s attack. Then, Fire Nation mastered Ba Sing Se. Katara tried to pacify him
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then not blamed him for the fail of Ba Sing’s war. There was a plan to invasion. But, Aang would leave alone) The italic is concerned in non literal direct speech act. The utterance is non literal because it has hidden meaning. Katara not only wanted Aang to mention of something that he needed but also she worried when she was ought to leave him alone. It is direct because Katara used an interrogative structure to perform direct illocutionary act, namely making a requesting. b) Dialogue between May and Zuko (00:03:07. Part 1) May: Aren’t you cold? Zuko: “I’ve got a lot on my mind. It’s been so long. Over three years since I was home. I wonder what’s changed. I wonder how I’ve changed”. (The conversation happened in a deck. They were Fire State whom they were enemy of Aang’s team. In the scene, Zuko was watching the moon until he approached by May in the midnight. May stated that was not so cold to him. Then, Zuko revealed his conflicted feelings about his internal changes and his imminent returned to the Fire Nation. Thus, she told him not to worry)
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May’s question includes non literal and direct speech act. Her statement is non literal because it has hidden meaning. The utterance was not only need yes or no response but also there was a reason that made him stand in the midnight. It is called direct speech acts because she is using an interrogative syntactic form to perform direct illocutionary act, namely asking a question. 3) Literal and Indirect Speech Acts a) Dialogue between the custodian (00:09:54. Part 1) The Custodian: “Sir, admiral Chan has been on leave for two months at Ember Island”. A Captain: “What? Why does not anyone ever tell me anything? Something’s not right”. (The dialogue above showed that there was a war craft that acrossed contrary in the exactly route. The captain of Fire Nation absolved the ship since Aang’s guard said that they reined by admiral Chan. In Fact, fire’s guard informed the Captain that admiral Chan was in Ember Island since two months. That meant the cruiser that acrossed just right now was not controlled by fire’s soldiers)
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The italic utterance is literal and indirect speech acts. It calls literal because the custodian intends what his words say. He informed the existence of admiral Chan. It calls indirect because the custodian has other meaning which is used a declarative structure to perform a direct illocutionary act. The speaker given information that include in an indirect illocutionary act of correcting. b) Dialogue between Zuko and Azula (00:19:30. Part 1) Zuko: “Why did you tell father that I was the one who killed the Avatar?” Azula: “Can’t this wait until tomorrow?” Zuko:” It can’t”. Azula: “Fine”. (The conversation happened when Azula stated to King Ozai, her and Zuko’s father that Avatar killed by her brother. This made their father so proud. In fact, Avatar was still alive. Azula told for untruth because there was a motive which made him loose his honor back. In midnight, Zuko went to her bedroom and asked for it)
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Azula’s utterance is called non literal direct speech acts. It includes non literal because she did not mean exactly what her question. The princess of the Fire Nation did not want Zuko repeated his question tomorrow. Truly, Azula did not want her brother annoyed her birthing space. It is direct because the italic utterance is an interrogative structure to perform a direct illocutionary acts, this is making a question. 4) Non Literal and Indirect Speech Acts a) Dialogue between Captain and Hakoda (00:09:44. Part 1) Captain: “I mean, how hard is it to write a quick note and send a hawk our way?” Hakoda: “Next time, we’ll send two hawks to be sure you get the message”. (The conversation happened when Hakoda whom Aang’s team was using fire’s cruiser without temporary license) The captain’s utterance is included in indirect and non literal speech act. The italic utterance is non literal because the custodian exactly did not suggest Hakoda to send a message used a hawk because this was getting into the habit. Basically, Captain admonished him. It is indirect
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because the captain used an interrogative syntactic form to perform the indirect illocutionary act of making a request. b) Dialogue between Azula and Zuko (00:10:45. Part 1) Azula: “You seem so downcast. Has May gotten to you already? Though actually, May has been in a strangely good mood later”. Zuko: “I haven’t seen dad yet. I haven’t seen him in three years, since I was banished”. (The scene happened at the palace, Zuko was feeding turtle ducks like he once did with his mother, until Azula steped in to ask him why he looked so depressed. Then, Zuko told her that he did not want to see his father since the Banish’s war because he not yet captured the Avatar. Actually, his father gave his honor back if the Avatar killed) The dialogue above is concluded in non literal indirect speech acts. It is called non literal because Azula did not mean what her words say. She did not inform how Zuko looked like and told May’s condition recently. It is called indirect because Azula used a declarative structure to perform the indirect illocutionary act of making statement. She would know why he was unhappy after Basing’s war.
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c) Dialogue between Teacher and Kuza (00:11:45. Part 2) Teacher: “Kuza?” Kuza: “I know is ugly”. (The conversation happened when the art teacher was seeing Kuza. In fact, Kuza was alias of Aang. He played a tool of music and moved his feet to enjoy the music. The teacher called him as a reminding to stop his dance) The italic utterance is non literal and indirect speech acts. The italic utterance is non literal because the teacher did not mean what her words say. She did not want call Kuza or wait for yes or no response. It is indirect because the teacher was using an interrogative structure to perform the indirect illocutionary act of making request. The teacher forbad the dancing when music was playing because it was not fire’s habit.
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2.
Austin’s Categories of Illocutionary Acts Austin distinguishes five general classes of illocutionary acts. The names are: (Austin,1978:151-164). a.
Verdictives Verdictives is an exercise of judgment. It is consist in the delivering of a finding, official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons as to value or fact, so far as these are distinguishable. In fact, verdictives have obvious connection with truth and falsity, soundness and unsoundness, and fairness and unfairness. Such as: estimating, locating, reckoning, grading, characterizing, ruling, describing, interpret as, analyzing, and calculate. 1) An Acts of Estimating in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:04:24. Part 1) Aang: “Are you mad at your dad or something?” Katara: “What? Not at all! Why would you say that?” Aang: “Mmm-Mmm”. (The conversation happened in a deck of cruiser at the night since Aang waked up from his out for two weeks. At the time, he saw Katara and her father have short conversation with different intonation)
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The illocutionary act is used in the script movie in Aang’s statement to ask a question. Aang valued that Katara was different expression when was talking with her father. But, she denied the statement to cover the truth. Truly, Katara who was the Water Bending, was crestfallen with her father since he left her for long time. The italic utterance is illocutionary acts with Verdictives type in estimating sample. It includes in estimating because that a calculation of the value in the conversation. 2) An Acts of Grading in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:14:26. Part 1) Katara: “Aang, that’s not truth”. Aang: “It is true. I was in Ba Sing Sei. I was there, but I lost. And now the earth kingdom has fallen for nothing”. Katara: “Is not for good. Remember, there’s still a plan, the invasion”. Aang: “And I hate the invasion too. I don’t want you or anyone else risking your lives to fix my mistakes. I’ve always known that I would have to face the fire lord. But now, I know I need to do it alone”.
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(The scene happened when Aang confessed to Katara that he felt ashamed. He was worry when everyone was toughting he was dead and failed to stop the infiltration at Ba Sing Se) Katara’s utterance is denying Aang’s statement because Katara clarified the reason why he felt so benefited in the war between Fire Nation and Ba Sing Sei. So, Katara’s
utterance
is
included
“grading”
type
of
illocutionary acts. It is called grading because Katara’s statement indicated the indirect illocutionary acts of making contradict statement. 3) An Acts of Locating in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Taff (00:04:01. Part 2) Aang: “Taraaa! Normal kid!” Taff: “Hmm…I should probably wear shoes but then I won’t be able to see as well. Sorry shoes…” “Finally, a stylish shoe for the blind earth bender”. (The conversation happened when Aang and the others was traveling through the Fire Nation covertly. They tooked a temporary shelter in a cave and seeked out new clothes for cover their identity. They found unattend clothes line and stole some outfits) 81
The illocutionary acts from Aang and Taff’s utterance are “verdictive” types of illocutionary acts. First is Aang’s statement that said “Taraa, normal kid”. It is called verdictives because the statement is consistency as a normal kid with his performance. It is included into locating utterance. Second is Taff’s utterance that is modifying her shoes by removing the soles. Finally, she lost her shoes and stated that a stylish shoe for the blind earth bender. It means she still uses the soles. Thus, they are included into locating as a verdictives type of illocutionary acts. 4) An Acts of Reckoning in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:14:39. Part 1) Katara: “Is not for good. Remember, there’s still a plan, the invasion”. Aang: “And I hate the invasion too. I don’t want you or anyone else risking your lives to fix my mistakes. I’ve always known that I would have to face the fire lord. But now, I know I need to do it alone”. (The dialogue happened when Aang was hopeless to Banish’s filed)
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Aang’s utterance is an illocutionary acts verdictives’s type. The italic utterance includes in reckoning utterance. It marked by Aang’s statement showed that when Aang was reckoning; that many people who involved in the dangerous situation in Ba Sing Sei’s war caused his errors. So, he would do it alone to clear the mistake. 5) An Acts of Characterizing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Declarative Lo and Li (00:05:34. Part 1) Lo and Li: “Your princess Azula! It is beautiful, ready, and blue princess. It distinguishes like the enemy, and entered to the capital one of the kingdom of the ground. In Ba Sing Sei, she found her brother Zuko, and together killed the Avatar. And the Avatar fell. And the Kingdom of the Ground fell”. (The conversation happened on the balcony of the Royal Plaza in the Fire Nation. Lo and Li announced the capture of Ba Sing Se, as well as the return of Prince Zuko and the death of the Avatar to the assembled armies below) The italic utterance is the characteristics of fire’s princess whose name is Princess Azula who is subjugating Ba Sing Sei, the Earth Kingdom. It is included “verdictive”
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type especially characterizing utterance of illocutionary acts. It finds in the old twin women’s utteranced that was describing the quality of the Princess. 6) An Acts of Rule in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Hakoda and Comrades (00:08:54. Part 1) Hakoda: “Everyone, just stay calm. Bato and I will take care of this”. (The scene happened when Aang and others were hiding into an actual Fire Nation ship since there was other fire’s ship that passed through in water work area. Hakoda and Bato tried to talk their way out) The illocutionary acts from Hakoda’s utterance instructs Aang and the comrades to stay in the hideaway. An official instruction that said how it was must be done. It is included in a ruling in “verdictive” type that performs a stressing of statement in the sentence. 7) An Acts of Describing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Taff and Aang (00:09:12. Part 2) Taff: “Why do you need to go to school for?” Aang: “Every minute I am in that classroom, I’m learning new things about the fire Nation. I already have a picture
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of Fire Lord, Ozai and here’s one that I made out of noodles. And this make noodles”. (The conversation happened when Aang was backing in the cave after school in fire’s school. Taff stated him what he found in the school. Basically, they were in critical moments since Banish’s war. Aang went to school could make him danger) The utterance includes “verdictives” type especially describing utterance of illocutionary acts. This type shows in the Aang’s statement that told when he was in the classroom in fire’s school. He described anything and giving details about a photo of Oza who a king of Fire. 8) An Acts of Analyzing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:08:11. Part 1) Sokka: “And the best part is, the eclipse is not even our biggest advantage. We have a secret. You!” Aang: “Me?” Sokka: “Yup. The whole world thinks you’re dead. Is not that great?” Aang: “The world thinks that I am dead person. How is that good news? That’s terrible”.
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Sokka: “No. It’s great. It means the Fire Nation won’t be hunting us anymore. And even better, they won’t be expecting you on the day of black sun”. (The conversation showed that Sokka had the great idea to arrange the next invasion of Fire Nation) The illocutionary act from Sokka’s utterance is an analyzing statement. He examined condition of war carefully. In order to he tried to understand it. He asked Aang in a secret that he was alive. So, the remark included in “verdictives” type especially analyzing utterance. It mentioned in the italic words that analyzed the great idea manipulated the King’s fire. 9) An Acts of Interpret as in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:05:21. Part 1) Katara: “I just used the spirit water from the North Pole. I don’t know what I did, exactly”. Aang: “You saved me”. Katara: “You need to rest”. (The conversation happened when Aang was realizing that he was more than merely hurt by Azula’s lightning attack
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but that his spirit had actually been separated from his body. Then, Katara had saved his life) Katara tells what is done. She used the magic of water from the North Pole which brough Aang’s life being back. It is included a “verdictive” type of illocutionary acts because the italic utterance contains an interpreting as utterance. 10) An Acts of Calculating in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Headmaster and Sokka (00:14:14. Part 1) Headmaster: “That’s what any mother would say, Ma’am. Nonetheless, you’re forewarned. If he acts up one more time, I’ll have him sent to reform school by which I mean the coal mines. Are we clear?” Sokka: “Do not worry, Mr. Headmaster. I will straighten this boy out something fierce”. (The conversation happened when Sokka and Katara were disguising as Aang’s parent because he favored in roughing up student of the Headmaster. In his office, they were acting such as parent rightly) The illocutionary acts from Headmaster’s utterance indicates that he gives a warning to Aang to keep good manners. It calculates the effect of carelessness the parent. 87
If they could not change the boy’s attitude, he would send in the other school. The italic sentence is included “verdictive” category because the utterance contains a calculate utterance. b) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:05:09. Part 2) Sokka: “Aang, I’m trying to be mature and not immediately shoot down your idea. But it sounds really terrible”. Aang: “Yeah, we got our outfits”. (The conversation happened when Aang was being active in fire’s school process for some day because he got more information about the Fire Nation. The reason was appropriate but that sounds so terribled although they had completed their outfits) The illocutionary acts from Sokka’s words show that Sokka is figured on the idea. Basically, the idea supported in their invasion to bear down the Fire Nation. The italic words are included “verdictive” category. It is verdictives because the sentence contains a calculate utterance.
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b. Exercitives Exercitives is an assertion of influence or exercising of power. It is giving of a decision in against a certain course of action. The decision is that something is to be so, as distinct from a judgment that it is so. There is advocacy that is should be so, as opposed to an assessment, they consist of a sentence as opposed to a verdict. It is a very wide class, such as: Appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, and warning as well as choosing. 1) An Acts of Appointing in the Avatar Script Movie a) The dialogue between Hakoda and Katara (00:04:04. Part 1) Hakoda: “Everything ok?” Katara: “We’re fine, dad”. Hakoda: “I am Hakoda, Katara and Sokka’s father”. Katara: “He knows who you are. I called you dad, right?” (The dialogue showed that Hakoda was caring with Katara and Aang. He as a commandant of Aang’s team who responsible about his duties. It seems that, Katara was angry with her father, chief Hakoda. It was because chief Hakoda left hers and her brother since they was child)
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Katara’s utterance showed his statement appointed her father’s status. She meant her father did not need to introduce his self one more time. It was because in previously Katara was called him“dad” to the chieft Hakoda. Absolutely, Aang knew who chieft Hakoda. The italic utterance is included “verdictive” type of illocutionary acts because it contains an appointing utterance. b) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:08:07. Part 1) Sokka: “And the best part is, the eclipse is not even our biggest advantage. We have a secret. You!” Aang: “Me?” Sokka: “Yup. The whole world thinks you’re dead. Is not that great?” (The conversation showed the big idea from Sokka. There was a way to get the victory that has a purpose to pacify the world. The illocutionary act from Sokka’s utterance is a statement of appointing that he stated the secret is actually Aang. Sokka has a plan for next invasion to charge Fire Nation that recently defeated Earth Kingdom, Ba Sing Sei. Sokka’s utterance is an appointing which included “exercitives” type of illocutionary acts. 90
2) An Acts of Ordering in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:16:17. Part 2) Sokka: “What could you possibly do for a country of depraved little fire monsters?” Aang: “I am gonna throw them a secret dance party”. Sokka: ”Go to your room!” (The statements happened when Aang was planing to hold a secret dance party in the cave for everyone in the school, to which Sokka, still was wearing his beard who disguised as Mr. Wang Fire that acting as Aang’s parent several times ago, responded with an irritated, “Go to your room!”) Sokka’s utterance shows that he orders Aang to go to his room. The italic utterance is included an “exercitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains an ordering utterance.
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3) An Acts of Warning in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between the teacher and Aang (00:06:01. Part 2) Teacher: “Is this a new mind ready for molding?” Aang: “That’s right. Let the molding begin”. Teacher: “Wait a minute! You are not from the fire nation”. (The conversation happened when the guard was catching and escorting him into a classroom. The teacher assumed that he was a new student from the Fire Nation. However, Aang stated the different style with the fire’s students. That made him was a colony from Earth Kingdom) The italic utterance is a teacher’s warning to Aang that he does not a citizen of Fire. It is included “exercitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains of warning utterance. b) Dialogue between Aang and Angie (00:07:08. Part 2) Aang: “We made it through the day, Momo…” “And it was pretty fun”. Angie: “Don’t let the headmaster catch you with that monkey”.
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(The conversation of Aang and Angie happened in the fire’s school yard. When Aang took out his pet, Momo, from his clothe. He stated in this school they have a pretty day. Angie said to Aang, it would be dangerous if the headmaster saw Momo) The illocutionary from Angie’s utterance shows that she sends Aang a warning to keep his pet from monitoring Headmaster. That is bothering students in the learning process if the pet be free. It is included an “exercitives” type of illocutionary acts. The dialogue is called exercitives because it is a warning utterance. That was marked from Angie’s statement. 4) An Acts of Urging in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Taff (00:09:10. Part 1) Aang: “I hate not being able to do anything”. Taff: “Hopefully, you won’t need too”. (The conversation happened when the fire’s soldiers attached their ship. Aang could not anything because he was in a secret mission. So, he disappeared for several moments)
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Aang’s utterance is included in exercitives of illocutionary act. The statement showed that Aang could not still hide and just see his friends engaged in combat. It was tactics of aggression that Aang covered him until the precise moment. It calls “exercitives” of illocutionary act because Aang’s utterance point out the urging statement. 5) An Acts of Advising in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between May and Zuko (00:03:02. Part 1) May: “Aren’t you cold?” Zuko: “I’ve got a lot on my mind. It’s been so long. Over three years since I was home”. May: (yawning) “Huh, I just asked if you were cold. I didn’t as for your whole life story. Stop worrying”. (The conversation happened when Zuko was watching the moon in a deck alone in the midnight. Then, May approached him. He revealed all of his conflicted feelings. May worried to Zuko) The illocutionary acts is an advising statement. It explores in May’s utterance that stated to stop worrying. The italic statement is included “exercitives” type of illocutionary act because it contains an advising utterance. Her utterance is adviced Zuko to calm. 94
b) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:03:47. Part 1) Aang: “And why am I the only one who’s completely out of it?” Katara: “You need to take it easy, ok? You got hurt pretty bad”. (The conversation happened when Aang was waking up from his out since Azula defeated him. He did not know why he was the one who was out. Katara stated that he was so weak and needed a rest) The illocutionary act from Katara’s utterance is advising type of acts. Katara advised Aang to take a rest. Actually, Aang was out since two weeks. So, there were not more that he reminded before he took the suitable rest. The italic sentence is included “exercitive” type of illocutionary acts because her utterance is included into an advising. 6) An Acts of Voting in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Taff and Sokka (00:03:30. Part 2) Taff: “Plus, they have real food out there. Does anyone wanna sit in the dirt and eat cave-hoppers?” (Taff blended the earth and put out cave-hoppers. Momo ate it but cough up outright.)
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Sokka: “Looks like we got outvoted, sport. Let’s get some new clothes”. (The scene happened in a cave when Aang’s team found the hideaway. In the first day, they were sharing what they did more after they found the secret place) The Sokka’s utterance is included “exercitive” type of illocutionary act. It found in the Sokka’s statement that showed a voting from Taff and Momo. They voted to look for some foods outside from the cave because in their hideaway not find a food, just there are cave-hoppers. The other reason was to get new clothes for cover their identity. The utterance is included exercitives because the sentence shows a voting.
7) An Acts of Choosing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Sokka (00:03:44. Part 2) Aang: “I don’t know about this, these clothes belong to somebody”. Katara: “I call the silk robe”. Aang: “But if it’s essential to our survival”.
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(The conversation happened when they were finding an unattended clothesline and stolen some outfits of fire’s citizen. At the first, Aang disagreed to take fire’s clothes without any permission. However, when he saw Katara run away to the clothesline, Aang repeated his judgment and finally he decided to follow his friends) The utterance is included “exercitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains the choosing utterance. c.
Commissives Commissives is an assuming of an obligation or declaring of an intention. The whole point of a commissive is to commit the speaker to a certain course of action. Such as: opposing, undertaking, agreeing, purposing, planning, and adopting. 1) An Acts of Opposing in the Avatar Script Movie a. The dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:14:06. Part 1) Sokka: “Here, tie this around your head. It’ll cover your arrow”. Aang: “I’m not going out if I can’t wear my arrow proudly”. Sokka: “Aang, come on! Be practical”.
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(The conversation happened when Aang was in the dock at a port. Aang expressed unhappiness when Sokka gave him a tie to cover his arrow. Actually, the arrow was Aang’s identity. If the arrow was showing, Fire Nation would find him and his team. Basically, the team was not ready to charge the big power Fire Nation) The conversation above shows that there is an opposing statement. Instead, the Sokka’s statement made Aang opposed the idea. Basically, his arrow was something that sensitive for Aang. The italic utterance is included a “commissive” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the statement contains an opposing utterance. 2) An Acts of Undertaking in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Students and Aang (00:17:46. Part 2) Aang: “You have for generations. It just so happens that I know several classic Fire Nation dances. A hundred years ago this was known as “the Phoenix fight””. Students: “Ooh…wow…” Aang: “And this was the “cam elephant strut”. (The conversation happend when the children were arriving in dance party in the cave. The school band began to play. However they were nervous did not know 98
how to dance. Basically they were afraid if they got in trouble. Then, Aang demonstrated some dance forms) The Aang’s utterance showed that Aang has a motion of dance. The italic statement is included a “commissive” type of illocutionary acts because it contains an undertaking utterance. 3) An Acts of Agreeing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Taff and Aang (00:13:57. Part 2) Taff: “Hey Aang! We’re going into town to find some dinner”. Aang: “Well. I am pretty hungry. Maybe dinner’s a good idea”. (The conversation happened in a docking at a port. Aang was unhappy. He felt that he should confess at the Banish event. He was shame that everyone taught that he died. Then, his friends approached him. Taff stated him to have a dinner with them) Aang’s stomach made a noise which forced him in agreeing response. Then, he uttered that he was so pretty hungry. The italic utterance is calls “commissive” type of illocutionary acts because it includes in agreeing utterance.
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4) An Acts of Purposing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Sokka (00:12:53. Part 1) Aang: “I can’t just stand by and do nothing”. Sokka: “Aang! No! You’re still hurt, and you have to stay secret just let us handle this”. (The conversation happened in a deck of cruiser when fire’s soldiers was charging Aang’s team) The conversation showed the purpose of the Sokka’s statement. The purpose was to restrain Aang and hidden him. It fooled fire’s soldiers. Besides, Aang was unstable since he completely out for two weeks. His appearance was not good idea because the soldiers absolutely attacked them directly as well as finished him rightly. Aang which was so weak will defeat easily. The type illocutionary acts of the utterance is a “commissive” because it is contained a purposing utterance. 5) An Acts of Planning in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Sokka (00:23:08. Part 1) Aang: “What about the invasion?” Sokka: “We’ll join up with my dad and the invasion force on the day of the eclipse”.
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(The conversation happened in a shoreline. Aang decided that the world had to think he is dead. This was for the biggest planning. He abolished his glider and asked how their plan of the invasion) The conversations above showed the Sokka’s plan since the awakening of Aang. His planning joined with his father that was on the eclipse day. The italic sentence is included “commissive” type of illocutionary acts because it consisted of a planning utterance. b) Dialogue between Azula and Zuko (00:01:06. Part 1) Azula: “I need you Zuko. I’ve plotted every move of this day, and the only way we win is together”. (The conversation happened when fire’s troops were squeaking through Aang’s troops. Azula pointed out that she invited Zuko to handle Ba Sing’s war. She knew that so difficult to win alone. Actually, she needed other power to sweep out the war. Then, they collaborated to get Ba Sing Sei the Earth Kingdom. It would advance both of them, between she with Zuko) Azula’s utterance is included in “commissive” type of illocutionary acts. It is commissives because it contains a
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planning utterance. The goal of planning held the Kingdom, Ba Sing Sei. c) The dialogue between Taff and Aang (00:23:21. Part 1) Taff: “Hey, what’s…” “Oh, it’s your glider”. Aang: “That’s ok. If someone saw it, it would give away my identity. It’s better for now that no one knows I’m alive”. (The scene happened in the shoreline. The conversation showed that Aang was awakening and blaming him) Aang’s utterance is included in “commissive” type of illocutionary acts. It is commissives because the statement contains a planning utterance. In fact, the planning was hiding the trailed that signify he was still alive. Although he lost his glider and the glider is Aang’s identification, but he accepted it to win.
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d) The dialogue between Aang and Sokka (00:03:11. Part 2) Aang: “If we get Fire Nation disguises we’ll just as safe as we would be hiding in a cave”. (The utterance happened when Aang and his group were coming in a cave in the first day. They would leave in the cave who fire’s soldiers can not find them. Meanwhile, there was nervous if they were in the cave for long time with doing nothing. Then, they planed other choice except be a cave people) The illocutionary acts from Aang’s utterance showed that the statement was a planning after they found the hideaway. The next plan was to seek out new clothes so they could blend in with Fire Nation citizens, eliminating the need to hide. Aang’s statement is called “commissive” type of illocutionary acts because the utterance contains a planning. 6) An Acts of Adopting in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and his comrades (00:04:50. Part 2) Aang: “I used to visit my friend Kuzon here 100 years ago. So, everyone just follow my lead and stay cool, or say they say in Fire Nation “stay flamin”, greeting my hotman oh...hiihii.. I guess?”
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(The conversation happened in town of Fire Nation. Aang’s group traveled. They claimed to be an expert of their customs. He called people that he saw on the street “hotman” and used other expressions that were clearly out of date) The
illocutionary
acts
from
Aang’s
utterance
indicated that he adopted some greets from his prior times. He was life one hundreds years ago and reincarnation as a boy who fourteen years old. So, he knew anything about Fire Nation especially the greeting. The boy was the only one in his team who created in history of the Fire Nation. The statement is called “commissive” type of illocutionary acts because the utterance contains an adopting. d. Behabitives Behabitives is the adopting of an attitude. It includes the notion of reaction to other people’s behavior and fortunes and of attitudes and expressions of attitudes to someone else’s pass conduct. Such as: complimenting, apologizing, congratulating, overlooking, criticizing, welcoming,
thanking,
wishing,
applauding.
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commending,
felicity,
and
1) An Acts of Apologizing in the Avatar Sript Movie a) Dialogue between Teacher and Aang (00:06:24. Part 2) Teacher: “Your etiquette is terrible. In the homeland, we bow to our elders. Like so, sorry ma’am”. Aang: “Sorry, Mom”. (The utterance happened in a classroom local school in Fire Nation. Aang as a new student from the school had different attitude as fire citizen) Aang’s statement showed an apologizing because he came late in the class. The teacher explained that the fire’s students bowed to elder person and said sorry if they had a mistake. He tried to adapt the attitude. That is an apologizing. The words are included “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains apologizing utterance. 2) An Acts of Thanking in the Avatar Sript Movie a) Dialogue between Sokka and the dragon (00:13:42. Part 1). Sokka: “Thanks, universe”. (The scene happened in the deck of a cruiser. When fire’s soldiers tried to breakdown the cruiser, the water dragon saved Aang’s team that was inadvertent by the fire’s cruiser hit)
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The illocutionary acts from Sokka’s utterance is a thanking statement because the dragon saved them from charged the fire’s soldiers. It bothered and attached them. This moment so advantaged to Sokka’s troops. The statement is included “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains a thanking utterance. b) Dialogue between headmaster and Aang’s parent (00:13:49. Part 2) Headmaster: “Thank you for coming, Mr and Mrs…” Sokka: “Fire, Wyne Fire. This is my wife. She is Soph Fire”. (The conversation happened when the headmaster was inviting Aang’s parent. Basically, the parent was Sokka and Katara who disguised as Aang’s parent. He invited them because Aang made some mistakes in school) The scene was a cause of Aang disturbing music class and he fought with his one classmate. Seriously, it was happening in two days he was school. So, it was a warning. The headmaster was welcome to the parent. He stated that he was so thanking for their coming. The italic utterance is consisted “behabitives” type of illocutionary act because it contains a thanking utterance.
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3) An Acts of Complimenting in the Avatar Sript Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:03:52. Part 1) Katara: ”I like your hair”. Aang: “I have hair?” “As much as time I was was?” Katara: “Some weeks”. (The conversation happened when Aang was waking up since he was out for two weeks. At the beginning, Aang never had hair. He was Air Nomads person who have completely arrow in definite of his body as well as in his head. Commonly, all of them were bald person) The illocutionary acts from the italic utterance showed that Katara complimented Aang’s hair. It is included into “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts because it contains a complimenting utterance. 4) An Acts of Congratulating in the Avatar Sript Movie a) Dialogue between Azula and Zuko (00:01:09. Part 1) Azula: “We did it Zuko”. “When return home, Dad will receive you like hero”.
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(The conversation happened when Azula and Zuko were finishing to conquere Ba Sing Sei. Beside that, they defeated Aang clearly. It made him obtained his honor back since his isolation) The illocutionary acts from the utterance showed Azula congratulated Zuko as her partner to handle the Ba Sing’s war. Basically, the prince Zuko had been isolated for three years. In the successfulness, it was an occasion to get back his honor. The type of the utterance is “behabitives” of the illocutionary acts. It is because the statement consists of a congratulating utterance. 5) An Acts of Criticizing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and her father, Hakoda. (00:04:17. Part 1) Katara: “Now you guys have finally met so would you mind giving us a little privacy?” Hakoda: “Of course”. (The scene happened in a deck of the cruiser in the midvoyage. It happened since Aang woke from his out. On the time, Hakoda was talking with Aang that the meeting was the first time. So, there were many subjects that needed to talk. Truly, Katara was angry since her father
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left them for some years with any information. Therefore, Katara disliked when they were talking so long) Katara’s statement indicated that she criticized her father because she has something that privacy with Aang. The type illocutionary act of the utterance is a “behabitives” because it contains a criticizing utterance. 6) An Acts of Welcoming in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Hakoda (00:04:12. Part 1) Aang: “Nice to officially meet you, chief Hakoda”. Hakoda: “It’s an honor to meet you”. (The conversation happened when Aang and Hakoda had first meeting since Banish’s war was going on. Actually, they were the great person who had a contribution in Banish’s war. Aang was the only one who can master the four elements such as; air-bending, earth-bending, waterbending, and fire-bending. However, Hakoda was the best chief who mastered the tactic of war) The
illocutionary
acts
from
Aang’s
utterance
indicated that he was welcoming to Hakoda. The type of the utterance is a “behabitives” illocutionary acts. It is because the sentence is contains a welcoming utterance.
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b) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:02:46. Part 1) Sokka: “Aang, good to see you back with the living, buddy”. Aang: “Sokka?” (The conversation showed that Sokka was so glad knowing that Aang was back. Aang was so weak, he stated “Sokka?” like unbelief expression. Then, Sokka hugged him.) The italic sentence indicated that Sokka was greeting Aang since Azula’s charged made him is out. The type of the sentence is included in “behabitives” of an illocutionary acts. It because contains a welcoming utterance. 7) An Acts of Wishing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Sokka and Aang (00:15:50. Part 2) Sokka: “No more school for you, young man”. Aang: “I’m not ready to leave. I’m having fun for once just being a normal kid. You don’t know what it’s like, Sokka. You get to be normal all the time”. (The scene happened in a cave that Aang’s team hideaway when Aang’s team was not permitting Aang to go to school in Fire State)
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Aang’s utterance showed that he hoped to be a normal child. He exactly felt as a normal child since he was disguising as a fire’s student. He was several times for going to fire’s school. He was taking pleasure with his act. The type of the italic statement is included “behabitives” utterance. It because contains a wishing utterance. 8) An Acts of Overlooking in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Zuko and Iroh (00:18:38. Part 2). Zuko: “Forget it! I’ll solve this myself. Waste away in here for all I care”. (The conversation happened when Iroh was refusing to talk to Zuko. Zuko was visiting his uncle in the prison then asked him to give some suggestion. But, his uncle ignored it. It made him disappointed) The italic utterance is included “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the utterance contains an overlooking utterance. Zuko’s statement showed that he overlooked the suggestion that he exactly wanted.
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9) An Acts of Commending in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between May and Zuko (00:14:44. Part 2) May: “Orange is such an awful color”. Zuko: “You’re so beautiful when you hate the world”. (The conversation happened when May and Zuko were having a romantic picnic) The illocutionary acts of Zuko’s statement showed that the sentence included in “behabitives” type the commending utterance.
It marked in the “beautiful” in
Zuko’s utterance. It contains commending because Zuko’s words exactly consist of a commendation that stated that he liked May’s words. 10) An Acts of Felicitate in the Avatar Sript Movie a) Dialogue between Angie and Aang as a Kuzon (00:12:45. Part 2) Angie: “Hi Kuzon. I really liked that crazy dance you were going”. Kuzon: “Thanks Angie. I could show it to you again if you’d like”.
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(The conversation happened when Kuzon and Aang were meeting in school yard. Angie had a feed back from Kuzon’s performenced about his freestyle danced several times ago) The illocutionary act of Angie’s utterance showed from the conversation above. It has meaning that Angie was happy with Aang’s show. That is a performance with combining freestyle dance and the Air Bending by him who the only one that mastered the air bender. The italic utterance is included into “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because Angis’s utterance is a felicitating utterance. 11) An Acts of Applauding in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Ozai and Zuko (00:17:54. Part 1) Ozai: “I am proud of you, prince Zuko. I am proud because you and your sister conquered Ba Sing Sei. I am proud because when your loyalty was tested by your treacherous uncle. You did the right thing and captured the traitor. And I am proudest of all of your most legendary accomplishment. You slay to the Avatar”.
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Zuko: “That was what you listened?” (The conversation happened in a residential of Ozai. Zuko faced one with him whom his father showed that he was back. Ozai conveyed that he so proud Zuko killed the Avatar) The italic utterance showed Ozai who the King of Fire Nation includes in “behabitives” type of illocutionary acts especially applauding utterance. The King was pride of his son, namely prince Zuko. He repeated the word in every sentence. It means there is some applauding in each his utterance. Zuko had high competence to master the Earth Kingdom, Ba Sing Sei, and killed the Avatar. b) Declaration Lo and Li (00:06:38. Part 1) Lo and Li: “Now the heroes have returned home. Your princess Azula, and after three years, your prince has returned. Prince Zuko”.
(The scene happened in the
balcony of the Royal Plaza in the Fire Nation. The old twin women declared that Prince Zuko and Princess Azula had returned since conquering Ba Sing Sei) The declaration was welcoming the Prince and Princess of fire. The italic utterance is “behabitives” type of illocutionary
act
especially
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contains
an
applauding
utterance. This is behabitives type because the twin of old women’s declaration is an adopting of an attitude in fire’s tradition to welcome the successes a war. e.
Expositives Expositives is the clarifying of reasons, arguments, and communications. Is is used in acts of exposition involving the expounding of views, the conducting of arguments, and the clarifying of usages and of references. Most central are such as denying, remarking, mentioning, answering, believing, calling, asking, and reporting. 1) An Acts of Denying in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:04:26. Part 1) Aang: “Are you mad at your dad or something?” Katara: “What?” Not at all! Why would you say that?” Aang: (Confused) (The conversation happened when Aang was catching Katara that was angry with her father. Hakoda was Katara’s father who left hers for some years to a war)
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Katara’s utterance showed that she was denying Aang’s statement. She disagreed with his assumption if she was angry with her father. The italic sentence is included “expositives” categories of illocutionary acts because it contains a denying utterance. b) Dialogue between Taff and Sokka (00:03:04. Part 2) Taff: “Sokka, we do not need to become cave people what we need is some new clothes”. (The scene happened in a cave where Aang’s team could hide for several time. When they were discussing, Sokka stated that they would be cave people) Taff’s utterance showed that she was denying with the Sokka’s statement. He said if they become cave people. It was because Taff want their life as the normal child. The type of “expositives” illocutionary acts is contained in the utterance above because the sentence is denying utterance.
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2) An Acts of Remarking in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Katara and Aang (00:15:38. Part 1) Katara: “Aang, I brought you some food. Oh no!” (The conversation happened in Aang’s room. Aang disappeared when Katara was bringing the food for lunch) The illocutionary acts in the Katara’s utterance was a remarking statement because Katara exactly stated what she was bringing. She brought some food for Aang. Actually, she did not see Aang in his room. She so surprised. Katara’s utterance is included “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the sentence contains a remarking utterance. 3) An Acts of Mentioning in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Zuko and Iroh (00:18:09. Part 2) Zuko: “I brought you some komodo-chicken. I know you don’t care for it but I figure it beats prison food. I admit it. I have everything. I always wanted. But it’s not at all how I thought it would be. The truth is I need your advice. I think the avatar is still alive. I know he’s out there. I’m losing my mind. Please, uncle, I’m so confused. I need your help”.
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(The conversation happened in a prison in the Fire Nation. Actually, Iroh was in the prison for some days. Zuko had personal visit. In the second day, he brought some food and has so many words to say. He mentioned all of it) Zuko’s utterance showed that the utterance is mentioning statement. The italic sentence is included an “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. The statement contains a mentioning utteranc what he is feeling as well as what the reasons that are mad him dissatisfied. 4) An Acts of Answering in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between student and Aang (00:17:14. Part 2) Student: “Now what do us do?” Aang: “This is when you start dancing”. (The scene happened in a cave the hideaway where Aang’s team would held to dance party) The conversation shows when Aang was inviting the students to attend in his cave. The invitation was to make the fire’s students known the dance. Although, the government of Fire Nation forbade everything about dance, in fact Aang still arranged it. In the dialogue above, a student asked what they should do. Then, “start to dance” 118
Aang responsed it. The italic sentence is included into “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the utterance contains of answering utterance. 5) An Acts of Believing in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Sokka (00:08:22. Part 1) Aang: “Me?” Sokka: “Yep, the whole world thinks you’re dead. Is not that great?” Aang: “The world thinks I am dead. How is that good news? That’s terrible”. (The scene happened in the middle of discussion between Aang and his team to plan the invasion. Sokka appointed Aang to target his idea. It made Aang in a secret) The illocutionary acts from Aang’s utterance shows that he denied about Sokka’s plan. After the Ba Sing’s war, the world believed that Aang killed. Thus, Sokka was continuing their assumption to hide Aang. The italic sentence is included “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the utterance contains the believing utterance.
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6) An Acts of Calling in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and student (00:17:03. Part 2) Aang: “Ladies and gentlemen! The flamey-os! Yeah, this ought to get everybody moving”. (The scene happened when the dance party was readying to start. Aang called the students begun to dance by freestyle) The illocutionary acts from Aang’s utterance showed that he called everyone in the cave to move. The invitation is included into “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the statement contains the calling utterance. 7) An Acts of Reporting in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between headmaster and Mrs .Fire (00:14:00. Part 2) Headmaster: ”Mr. and Mrs. Of fire, your son has been enrolled here for two days and he’s already causing problems. He’s argued with his history teacher, disrupted music class, and roughed up my star pupil”. Mrs. Fire: “My goodness. That does not sound like our Kuzon”.
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(The conversation happened in headmaster’s office when the headmaster was calling Aang’s parent to discuss the manner of their kid) The illocutionary acts from Headmaster’s utterance indicated that he reported some mistakes made by Aang. The headmaster reported that Aang made trouble in the class music and involved the fight with his friend. So, the headmaster invited Aang’s parent about the considering with Aang’s attitude. The italic sentence is included “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the utterance contains reporting utterance. 8) An Acts of Asking in the Avatar Script Movie a) Dialogue between Aang and Katara (00:08:33. Part 1) Aang: “No. No. No. You have no idea. This is so messed up. I‘ll handle this. The Avatar is back”. Katara: “Aang! Wait! Remember, they do not know we are not Fire Nation”. (The dialogue happened when Katara was blocking Aang)
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The illocutionary acts from Katara’s utterance showed that she was blocking Aang to handle the charge from fire’s armies. Katara asked Aang to consider what the effect if Fire’s armies knew him. It would damage their plan. The italic sentence is included into “expositives” type of illocutionary acts. It is because the statement contains asking utterance.
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CHAPTER V CLOSURE This chapter contains closure on the research that consists of conclusion and suggestion. Conclusion discuss about the final finding. In suggestion tells more about an increment of ideas that will dedicate to the next researcher to find objective research and to use theory that will support the research. A. Conclusion After analyzing the data in the previous chapter, the researcher gets some sentences which included in parts of Speech Acts. The conclusions were drawn based on the formulated problem research. Those are: 1.
The script movie on “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie contains the types of general speech acts theory when the main characters utter the words in their conversation by using the utterances in the form of rhetorical strategies, such as directness, literalness, and interaction of directness and literalness. Then the researcher founds the conclusion of the general speech acts. Those are 26 examples types of speech acts which consist of three categories. The researcher finds dialogues in the movie script, such as: a. Directness; there are 3 conversations of direct speech acts and 4 conversations of indirect speech acts; b.
Literalness; the finding are 4 literal speech acts and 3 non literal speech acts.
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c. Indirectness and literalness; they are 5 direct and literal speech acts, 2 direct and non literal speech acts, 2 indirect and literal speech acts, and 3 indirect and non literal speech acts. 2.
The script movie on “Avatar the Last Air-bender” movie contains the types of speech acts in Ausitn’s categories of illocutionary acts when the main characters utter the sentences in the dialogue in the form of rhetorical strategies. The researcher found 53 examples of Austin’s categories of illocutionary acts. There are five categories which is included in Austin theory. First, verdictives. It has 10 parts. They are estimating, grading, locating, reckoning, characterizing, rule, describing, analyzing, interpret as, and calculating. The researcher finds 11 examples. Second, exercitives. That has 7 parts such as; appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, choosing, and warning. The findings are 10 dialogues. Third, commissives which has 6 parts such as; opposing, undertaking, agreeing, purposing, planning, and adopting. The commissives shows in 9 examples. Fourth, behabitives consists of 11 parts they are complimenting, apologizing, congratulating, overlooking, criticizing, welcoming, thanking, wishing, commending, felicity, and applauding. The researcher has 12 examples in this category. Fifth, expositives which includes in 8 parts such as denying, remarking, mentioning, answering, believing, calling, asking, and reporting. There are 9 examples of expositives type.
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3.
The final study contributes for: a. Theoretical Benefits This research is carried out as the support of speech acts theory in the development of linguistic theories. The writer hopes this study will be beneficial for the other researchers in a research. b. Practical Benefits After implementing the research, the researcher expects that these researches are contributed for: 1) The research To show the strategies to interest the students in language learning process by script movie analyze. Besides, this research chooses the familiar cartoon movie that used simple language. It makes the students learn easily. 2) The Lecturer To show the strategies to interest the students in language learning process by script movie analyze. Besides, this research chooses the familiar cartoon movie that used simple language. It makes the students learn easily. 3) The Students By film manuscript about speech act, the student will be easily to deepen the material and apply in daily communication. The researcher as well as introduce to the students that study language is so fun.
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4) Other Researcher 5) This research is simple analysis as an increment the other researchers or the readers. B. Suggestion According to the findings of this research, the researcher suggests that the next researcher who use speech acts in the objective research should add more references such as Geoffrey Leech and Searle. This research focus on Austin’s theory about the categories of illocutionary acts. In Austin’s book “How to Do things with Words” shows theory how words are connected with action. Besides, Austin divides types of illocutionary acts five categories such as verdictives, exercitives, commissives, behabitives, and expositives. In addition to, theory of speech acts in Austin’s book has extended by Leech and Searle who are his students. Geoffrey Leech in his book with title “Principle of Pragmatics” more specific explains about speech acts. Whereas, in John Searle’s book entitled “Speech Acts Essay in The Philosophy of Language” tells more about the implication of speech act in application of language. Leech and Searle’s theories commonly still general production. Both of them more clarify Austin’s theory. The explanation more elaborated in their book. Its caused they applied the theory with a simple language that easily to analyze the objective research.
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REFERENCE Arikunto, Suharsimi, Prof. Dr. 1998. Procedure Penelitian. PT. Rineka Cipta: Jakarta. Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Duta Wacan University Press: Yogyakarta. Austin, J.L.1978. How to Do Things with Words. Harvard University Press: United State America. Parker, Frank. 1986. Linguistic for Non Linguistics. Department of English Lousiana State University: London. Searle, Jhon R.1977. Speech Acts Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Syndics of the Cambridge University Press: London. Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press: London Mey, L. Jacob. 1998. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Odessen University: Elsever. Leech, Geoffrey. 1991. Principle of Pragmatics. Longman Singapore Publishers: Singapore. Lyons, Jhon. 1996. Linguistic Semantics. Great Britain in the University Press: Cambridge. Lado, Robert. 1964. Language Teaching. United States of America
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
: Minarsih
Place and Date Of Birth
: Semarang, August 27th, 1992
Address
: Nongo, Muara Teweh, North Barito, Central Borneo
Mobile Phone
: 082251317844
Living now
: Morangan, Suruh, Semarang regency
Living
: Nongo, Muara Teweh, Barito Utara, Kalteng
Siblings
: A sister and a brother
Favorite food
: Ketoprak, Bakso, Mie ayam, Sate, Gado-gado, Rolade, Bakwan malang, Tape goreng, Pisang goreng, buntil, pepes, etc)
Favorite drink
: Dawet ayu and kopi deplok.
Hobby
: Badminton
NIM
: 11309003
Education Background
: Elementary School in MIN Muara Teweh, North Barito, Central Borneo (2003) Junior High School in MTsN Muara Teweh, North Barito, Central Borneo (2006) Senior High School in MAN 1 Salatiga, Central Java (2009) University in State Institute of Islamic Studies Salatiga, Central Java. (2014)
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Motto
: Good communication comes from people to people,
but great communication comes from people to Allah (Reza M Syarief, Motivator Muslim) We will be a champion when we are able to beat our self (The Writer) Inspiration People
: Muhammad Prophet
Motivation People
: Pa’e, Ma’e, Mas Lis, and my Ounny.
Big Dreams
:
[email protected]
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