INICIOS DE LA HISTORIETA EN EL PERÚ Julia Elena Ortiz Elías Profesora a Tiempo Completo en la Carrera de Diseño Gráfico
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
UN PRIMER PASO…
LA CARICATURA
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Cuevas de Tassili n’Ajjer (Argelia) 4000 AC.
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Leonardo Da VInci
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Personajes de Oliver Twist, Harry Turrciss
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John Tenniel, ilustraciones para Alicia en el país de las Maravillas
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
PROTO HISTORIA: IMÁGENES QUE YA QUERÍAN CONTAR COSAS
NARRACIÓN Y SECUENCIA
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CIVILIZACIÓN MOCHE
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• En la cerámica iconográfica Moche la idea de secuencialidad se presenta alrededor de las vasijas, en ellas se pintaba una escena paso a paso, muchas veces sugiriendo un movimiento gradual, lo cual también sería una anticipación a la animación. Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
• Algunos signos se repiten, lo que nos sugiere que se trata de historias en torno a los mismos hechos y personajes, como diferentes episodios de un cómic.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
GUAMÁN POMA DE AYALA
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Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (1536? -1625) • Demoró cerca de 30 años en terminar su obra cumbre “Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno” y un año más para pasarla en limpio, para enviarla al Rey de España en 1615. Actualmente el manuscrito original se encuentra en Dinamarca.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
• La siguiente es una secuencia de cuatro escenas donde se relata la captura del Inca Atahualpa, éste sería uno de los intentos previos al cómic donde se intenta otorgar un carácter narrativo a varias imágenes consecutivas.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Huáscar como prisionero entre los dos generales de Atahuallpa, Quisquis y Calicuchima. Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Guayna Capac, Inca: "Cay curitacho micunqui?" -- Candia, Español: "Este oro comemos."
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• También las imágenes se apoyaron del texto con intenciones descriptivas para presentar escenas costumbristas o que presentaban diferentes aspectos en la vida y organización colonial peruana.
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
CONTEXTO INICIAL: COSTUMBRISMO Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
• Hacia mediados del S. XIX el Perú vivía sus primeros años como república, esta etapa de transición es oportuna para que una corriente sea privilegiada en el campo de las artes y las letras (principalmente el periodismo y el teatro), el Costumbrismo, porque al presentar diferentes aspectos del ambiente local contribuía a la consolidación de una identidad republicana aún incipiente. Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
PANCHO FIERRO (1807 – 1879) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
• Dentro del panorama de las artes visuales destaca la acuarela empírica de Pancho Fierro, pintor autodidacta que mostraba de manera pícara y coloquial la vida cotidiana limeña.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
ILUSTRACIÓN PARA ARTÍCULOS COSTUMBRISTAS Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
• Una de las manifestaciones más recurrentes del periodismo en este contexto fue e artículo de costumbres. Estos iban acompañados de ilustraciones que enfatizaban su sentido pero que solas no tenían la capacidad de narrar.
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Anónimo, 1880 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
El Leguito Fray José
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Vinagrillo, 1895
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Vinagrillo, 1895 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
PANORAMA INTERNACIONAL
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La primera “serie”: Max y Moritz de Wilhelm Busch (1865) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Famille Fenouillard, George Colomb (1887)
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Yellow Kid, Richard Outcault (1895)
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
… y Buster Brown (1902)
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Los chicos Katzenjammer, Rudolph Dirks (1897)
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Happy Hooligan, Burr Opper (1899)
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Tales of the Jungle Imps, Winsor Mc Cay (1902)
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… y Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Los Arriba y Abajo, Verbeek (1903)
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Bécassine, Jean Pierre Pinchon (1905)
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Mutt y Jeff, Harry Conway (Mud) (1907)
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PUBLICACIONES DE HABLA HISPANA Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Monos 1904 - 1908
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Joan García Junceda 1881 - 1948
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Joaquín Xaudaro (1872 – 1933)
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El Tony 1928 - 2000 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
EL PERÚ ILUSTRADO (1887 – 1892)
LA PRIMERA HISTORIETA Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Lasarte, 1887 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Ilustración de Garay y tira de Góngora, 1887 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Zenón Ramirez , 1897 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Gálvez 1887 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Perú Artístico: Aurora San Cristóval, 1895
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PUBLICACIONES ANTI CLERICALES Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
El Leguito Fray José (1893 – 1895)
Avoliur, 1895 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Fray K.Bezon 1907 - 1910
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Polar, 1907
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Polar, 1907 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Chambón, 1908
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Anónimo, 1908
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Anónimo, 1910 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Anónimo, 1910 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Anónimo, 1907
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Garrapato, 1907
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Fray Simplón (1909 – 1910) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Lucifer, 1908
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Anónimo, 1908
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Primer Concurso de Historietas 1912
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ALCÁNTARA LA TORRE (1873 – 1978) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
JULIO MÁLAGA Y GRENET (1886 – 1963) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Atribuido a Málaga Grenet, Revista Actualidades, 1904 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Monos y Monadas 1906 - 1907 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Monos y Monada, 1906
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Monos y Monada, 1906
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Monos y Monada, 1906
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Monos y Monada, 1907 Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Málaga y Grenet con Abraham Valdelomar
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Abraham Valdelomar, Monos y Monadas 1907
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
PEDRO CHALLE (1882 – 1959) Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Figuritas, 1912
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Figuritas, 1912
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Figuritas, 1912
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Figuritas, 1912
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Figuritas, 1912
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Historieta de un solo cuadro Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Marcóz Sarrín: Discípulo de Challe
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Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Fuentes Consultadas • ICPNA. La Historieta Peruana. Lima, Perú 2003. • Rachitoff Infantas, Luis. Historietas de Ayer y de Hoy. Impreso en los talleres de gráfica Morsom. Lima, Perú 1981. • Literatura de la Imagen. Salvat Editores. Barcelona, España 1973. • Winsor Mc Cay’s Little Nemo in Slumberland. Checker Book Publishing Group – Cammie Ledbetter Editorial. China Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Fuentes Consultadas • http://www.slideshare.net/AMERIAVALENCI ABARCENA/el-costumbrismo-5845245 • http://axisarteiconografiamoche.blogspot.co m/ • http://www.tebeosfera.com/obras/publicacio nes/monos_el_liberal_1904.html • http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletine s/32%281%29/133.pdf • http://mundocomics2011.blogspot.com/2011 /07/recordando-al-maestro-pedro-challe.html Laureate International Universities is a registered trademark of Laureate Education, Inc.
Julia Ortiz Elías • Artista Plástica Bachiller en la Especialidad de Pintura de la Facultad de Artes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y Licenciada en Educación en la Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. • Actualmente laboro como profesora a tiempo completo en la carrera de Diseño Gráfico del Instituto Superior Tecnológico Cibertec. Artista visual y docente. Actualmente laboro como profesora a tiempo completo en la carrera de Diseño Gráfico del Instituto Superior Tecnológico Cibertec.
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• Curadurías: “Homenaje a Alberto Tello Montalvo (Galería Pancho Fierro, 2008), "Habitual y No Habitual Mente (ICPNA de Lima, 2009). • Exposiciones Individuales: “28 de Julia”, (Edith Sachs, 2003), “El Problema del Otro” (Biblioteca España, Centro Cultural de San Marcos, 2011). • Proyectos bipersonales: “Julita Muñeca Peruana” (Centro Cultural España, 2008) • Contacto: •
[email protected] •
[email protected]
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